Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 2012 (vol. 60), issue 2
A study of potential output and output gap in the Czech Republic
Václav Adamec, Luboš Střelec
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 9-16 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020009 
Analysis of economic cycle is of enormous importance for monitoring economic output and explaining price and wage inflation. It provides essential information for shaping economic and monetary policy of central authorities. Several methods are currently available to estimate potential output and output gap. In the current study, methods of Hodrick-Prescott filter and Cobb-Douglas production function were implemented to estimate potential output, which cannot be empirically observed. For the purpose of comparing the above methods, quarterly and annual time series of real GDP, labour and gross fixed capital starting in 1996 were used for estimation of...
Efficiency of road tax in the tax system of the Czech Republic
Břetislav Andrlík
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 17-24 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020017
The paper deals with the efficiency of road tax in the tax system of the Czech Republic, focusing on the administrative costs of taxation on the timeline 2005 to 2009. It contains a theoretical definition of tax efficiency, and describes the types of costs connected with taxes. From this perspective it focuses on quantifying the direct administrative costs of road tax. Direct measurement of administrative costs is done by using the method called the method of recounted worker which classifies employees of local tax authorities in separate groups and assigns each group a specific number of employees for each reference road tax using the conversion factors.Then...
Legal and economic implications of the German Craft Code Amendment 2004
Wolfgang Benzel
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 25-36 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020025
As the main reason for initiating an amendment of the Trade and Crafts Code in 2004 was the decrease in the number of companies in general and the number of skilled crafts enterprises in particular and was also due to the fact that the number of employees in the skilled crafts sector had constantly fallen and many companies were not able to find a successor, it was the declared aim of the amendment to counter this structural crisis as well as reducing illegal employment and removing native discrimination. This would then ensure a higher level of employment especially through new company formations and takeovers of existing companies.In addition...
In what ways are countries which have already adopted IFRS for SMEs different
Hana Bohušová, Veronika Blašková
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 37-44 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020037
Small and medium sized companies have an important position in the economy, mainly in the area of employment. SMEs are crucial to most developed and developing economies. SMEs are a heterogeneous group, possessing different size, sector, or location. Their activities on the international markets are limited by a great deal of obstacles in comparison to large enterprises. Different national financial reporting and tax systems can be considered as the most important obstacles (European Commission, 2003).The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) published an International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) designed for use by small and...
A note on imperfect hedging: a method for testing stability of the hedge ratio
Michal Černý, Jan Pelikán
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 45-50 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020045
Companies producing, processing and consuming commodities in the production process often hedge their commodity expositions using derivative strategies based on different, highly correlated underlying commodities. Once the open position in a commodity is hedged using a derivative position with another underlying commodity, the appropriate hedge ratio must be determined in order the hedge relationship be as effective as possible. However, it is questionable whether the hedge ratio determined at the inception of the risk management strategy remains stable over the whole period for which the hedging strategy exists. Usually it is assumed that in the short...
Demographic changes in Europe - new challenges for the European labour market
Daniela Dvořáková
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 51-58 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020051
The EU is about to face a significant changes in the demographic structure of its labour force. The main causes are the reduction in fertility rates, ageing of population and increasing immigration flows. According to the projections, already in the years 2013-2014 should the share of the EU's working population start to decline. The number of people aged over 60 is increasing about two million every year. Shrinking working population and a higher amount of retired people will place additional strains on public sector finance.How to adopt the economy and other policies to this new situation? How to maintain European global competitivness and strong...
The crisis is homemade. Why we need a playful approach in teaching and practising strategic preparedness
Reinhard Ematinger, Sandra Schulze
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 59-68 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020059
Although the research on how to develop strategic preparedness, or resilience, has generated a great deal of interest among organizational theorists, many of the empirical studies conducted share important methodological limitations. When investigating how educational experiences boosting the participants' capacities to learn, adapt, and apply can create sustainable value for organizations - be it non-profit-organizations or international enterprises - it becomes obvious that applied systematic creativity like playful construction, improvisation, and imagination, as well as making use of design thinking approaches, will benefit the organizations' strategic...
Time series classification using k-Nearest neighbours, Multilayer Perceptron and Learning Vector Quantization algorithms
Jiří Fejfar, Jiří Šťastný, Miroslav Cepl
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 69-72 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020069
We are presenting results comparison of three artificial intelligence algorithms in a classification of time series derived from musical excerpts in this paper. Algorithms were chosen to represent different principles of classification - statistic approach, neural networks and competitive learning. The first algorithm is a classical k-Nearest neighbours algorithm, the second algorithm is Multilayer Perceptron (MPL), an example of artificial neural network and the third one is a Learning Vector Quantization (LVQ) algorithm representing supervised counterpart to unsupervised Self Organizing Map (SOM).After our own former experiments with unlabelled...
Corporate social responsibility as a challenge for Czech companies
Sylvie Gurská
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 73-78 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020073
The term "Corporate social responsibility" is an umbrella term embracing theories and practises relating to how business manages its relationship with society. In the last decades the development of companies responsible behaviour has been influenced by several facts. One of them is the existence of multinational enterprises. They have an elaborated firm strategy, a value system and bring the CSR concept in partial divisions. CSR enterprises also take the advantage of differentiation from the competitors and want to be successful on unified markets. Generally there is an effort to improve unfavourable situation in the environment and the society (global...
Credit rating calibration
David Hampel, Kateřina Jůzová, Martina Matulíková
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 79-84 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020079
In this paper we deal with determination of chosen characteristics of vending business in the Czech Republic. Vending seems to be dynamically developing sector of economics. A strong competition is present in this market. This can be a reason that new ideas of improvement appear continuously. Primary data are used to characterize vending business from the perspective of consumer as well as vending operator. The data are used as input to statistical tests; results are summarized and presented in economic terms. At first, survey (about 600 respondents) is analyzed in empirical way. It is informative in such sense, that vending machines are used by majority...
Current trends of corporate performance reporting tools and methodology design of multifactor measurement of company overall performance
Michal Hodinka, Michaela Štencl, Jiří Hřebíček, Oldřich Trenz
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 85-90 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020085
Enterprises normally have a different approach to performance reporting. Performance reporting, and unfortunately reporting globally, at small and middle enterprises are not widely supported or popular. It perceived as something what enterprises must do, not what they like to do. The reason could be because its time consuming for them or it gives not a good (or none) feedback to the enterprises. But there are also some of the enterprises, that have their performance reporting as normal part of the corporate culture and want to have reporting as part of their information system (ideally automated). The first step of successful implementation of the...
Universities, human capital, social capital and enterprise: some lessons from the Czech Republic
Šárka Hrabinová, Jiří Novosák, Oldřich Hájek, Nataša Pomazalová
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 91-96 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020091
The goal of this paper is to evaluate the state-of-the-art and potential of interactions between universities and firms, using the Zlinsky region as a case study. Practically, attitudes of firms located in the Zlinsky region towards their cooperation with the Tomas Bata University in Zlin are surveyed on the basis of questionnaire research. Theoretically, this paper is embedded in the debate on changing missions of universities. The findings point at a high share of firms which declare some form of interactions with the Tomas Bata University in Zlin. However, considering human and social capital, these interactions are frequent only in rather less...
The comporative study of the state enterprises in the Czech and European law
Jana Hroch
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 97-102 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020097
The subject of this paper concerns the state enterprise in the Czech and European Law. In this paper the attention is paid especially to the primary law arrangement, involved in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. These problems are tightly connected with the area of the Competition Law in the EU single market. There is very important the comparison of public enterprises and the state monopolies in the European Law with the legal arrangement of the state enterprises in the legal order of the Czech Republic. The focus is then on finding similarities or differences in both legal regulations that might cause problems. The point is to...
Small and medium-sized enterprises in the EU and State aids provided for their support
Martin Janků
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 103-108 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020103
Provisions on the restriction of State aids form an important part of the primary and secondary EU competition law. The basic premise of the regulation is the circumstance that aid provided by States from public resources to enterprises can distort the competition within the EU and therefore is declared for incompatible with the EU internal market. At the same time we must realise that there are several situations in which a suitably scheduled State aids can act as a positive input to the development of the internal market and therefore a complete prohibition of State aids would be rather counter-productive. In several areas of the competition regulation...
Liquidity supply and money velocity co-movements in the Eurozone - Time-Frequency Domain Approach
Svatopluk Kapounek, Jitka Poměnková
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 109-116 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020109
The authors focus on financial stability in the Eurozone and propose alternative indicator for macro-prudential policy implementation. Rapid growth of the shadow banking system biases increase in loans to identify financial instability. The velocity of money represented money demand in the economy. The empirical part of the paper applies wavelet analysis to identify cyclical co-movements in money velocity and liquidity supply. The authors provide recommendations for policymakers to stabilize global liquidity shocks and reduce procyclical effects by institutions which supply official liquidity in their domestic currency - central banks.
Legal aspects of some internet marketing instruments
Hana Kelblová
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 117-124 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020117
The development of the Internet and sophisticated search engines such as e.g. Google together with the spread of social networks have introduced new marketing possibilities of addressing potential clients with offer of goods and services. Unlike most traditional marketing procedures, these instruments allow for targeting the business information directly at concrete individuals, taking into consideration their age, sex, education, hobbies. All this is based on their choice of words keyed into the search engines. This is the targeted advertising where consumer response can be accurately measured, e.i. the so called context advertising.The purpose...
Analysis of evaluation problems of the risk situation of patients suffering from ischemic heart disease
Vladimír Konečný, Milan Sepši, Oldřich Trenz
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 125-134 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020125
The ischemic heart disease represents a very common health issue which, thanks to its seriousness, impacts a big part of the population and is the cause of about one third of all death cases in the Czech Republic. For the analysis itself, data from medicinal practice of one of the authors of the article have been used and this study is a follow up of his PhD thesis. Concretely it was a set of patients which were being rehabilitated after a heart stroke; the results of the medical examination of these patients create 26 parameters. This data has been obtained in the course of the patients' treatment.In the first phase of generating the classification...
Route planning module as a part of Supply Chain Management system
Michal Košíček, Radek Tesař, František Dařena, Roman Malo, Arnošt Motyčka
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 135-142 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020135
Today, the demand for creating a systematic approach for managing sales, ordering, and logistics has increased. Supply Chain Management (SCM) is one of the responses to problems that have arose with the need for managing complex supply chains. Nowadays, most of the activities of Supply Chain Management is realized or supported with computing technologies. Route planning is an important part of Supply Chain Management related to both procurement and distribution. Route planning systems specify the sequences in which the selected transport vehicles should supply the demand points by requested quantities of goods at the right time. The paper is focused...
Empirical evaluation of augmented prototyping effectiveness
Tomáš Koubek, David Procházka
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 143-150 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020143
Augmented reality is a scientific field well known for more than twenty years. Although there is a huge number of projects that present promising results, the real usage of augmented reality applications for fulfilling common tasks is almost negligible. We believe that one of the principal reasons is insufficient usability of these applications. The situation is analogous to the desktop, mobile or cloud application development or even to the web pages design. The first phase of a technology adoption is the exploration of its potential. As soon as the technical problems are overcome and the technology is widely accepted, the usability is a principal...
System for automatic crate recognition
Radovan Kukla, Jiří Šťastný, Jan Kolomazník
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 151-156 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020151
This contribution describes usage of computer vision and artificial intelligence methods for application. The method solves abuse of reverse vending machine. This topic has been solved as innovation voucher for the South Moravian Region. It was developed by Mendel university in Brno (Department of informatics - Faculty of Business and Economics and Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Engineering - Faculty of Agronomy) together with the Czech subsidiary of Tomra. The project is focused on a possibility of integration industrial cameras and computers to process recognition of crates in the verse vending machine. The aim was the effective...
Corporate Social Responsibility in banking sector
Lucie Kvasničková Stanislavská, K. Margarisová, K. Šťastná
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 157-164 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020157
After popularity increase of the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility over last century in the USA, with the 21st century the concept comes into the European Union as well, actually into Czech Republic. For the European Union, the concept of social responsibility becomes one of the tool for achieving the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy (Lisbon Strategy, 2000). With the start of the financial and economic crisis, the European Commission sees in the Corporate Social Responsibility a way how to cope with the crisis. Also scientific studies (Ghoul, 2011; Gruz, 2009) indicate the positive influence of Corporate Social Responsibility...
Analysis of operating costs variability in selected sectors of the Czech Republic for the period 2007-2010
Martin Landa
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 165-174 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020165
One of the major approaches to the analysis of economic performance is the concept of variable and fixed costs. This concept analyzes the relationship between corporate costs and profits. The tightness of this relationship (i.e. the costs variability rate) is an essential element of cost and profit management in different periods of a business life cycle. The type of business activity (production, trade and services) has a significant influence on the relationship between costs and profit (in particular of the operating type). This relationship can be examined mainly on the basis of the financial development of economic sectors. This article deals...
Usage of Microsoft Kinect for augmented prototyping speed-up
Jaromír Landa, David Procházka
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 175-180 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020175
Physical model is a common tool for testing of the product features during the design process. This model is usually made of clay or plastic because of the modifiability of these materials. Therefore, the designer could easily adjust the model shape to enhance the look or ergonomics of the product. Nowadays, some companies use augmented reality to enhance their design process. This concept is called augmented prototyping. Common approach uses artificial markers to augment the product prototype by digital 3D models. These 3D models that are shown on the markers positions can represent e.g. car spare parts such as different lights, wheels, spoiler etc....
Reasonability of wine investment in the Czech Republic
Tomáš Lintner
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 181-188 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020181
The paper deals with the validity of bottled wine investment commited in the Czech Republic. The Agrarian sector of the Czech Republic went during last 20 years through several key changes. After the transformation process its facing the external competitive condition of the globalizing world, especially the one of the European Union common market. One of the Czech Agrarian branch, its wine sector, might play a positive role for the whole "industry" in future. At presence, there is an increasing trend of the volume of wine investment made not only on local market, but across the whole world as well. All crucial factors such as purchase, storage, ageing...
The Model of E-technology utilization for SMEs
Roman Malo
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 189-196 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020189
Today, small and medium-sized enterprises implement e-technology in order to improve business performance and competitiveness. As to achieve the maximum level of benefits from e-technology implementation, it is important to understand well to all suitable e-activities, their possibilities and also opportunity for business.In this paper, the general model of e-technology utilization in the form of partial e-technologies is described. This general model was proposed for better understanding of the possibilities small and medium-sized enterprises can reach by usage of e-technologies.Based on a synthesis of related literatures, an analysis of various...
The Research on enterprise E-technology
Roman Malo
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 197-206 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020197
Today, a lot of enterprises use e-technologies as a tool that can help to improve their efficiency and enhance their position within competitive environment. An implementation of e-technology itself depends on the needs of business, resources availability and also understanding advantages and possibilities of e-technology.There are a few interesting questions in the given field from research's point of view In our research, we aimed to theoretical and methodical issues of e-technologies in the context of e-business and technical support for providing and processing e-business and related e-activities. The main goal of the research is to provide...
State aid in banking sector
Jana Mikušová
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 207-210 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020207
The financial crisis has hit Europe with a truly unprecedented power, which has in early 2008 expected only a very small circle of pessimists. After the first cracks began to appear on the mortgage market in the U.S., however, started an avalanche that rolls until today. In today's globalized world, it would be very naive to believe that this would not have an impact on the European Union internal market.With the crisis in the banking sector, the Member States of the European Union fought against the crisis in various ways. Allocation of the state aid in the first months of the crisis took place within the existing rules, yet it was necessary to...
Motivation and consumer behaviour in the context of loyalty programs
Klára Mrkosová, Ondřej Dufek, Luděk Majer
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 211-216 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020211
The paper introduces the partial results of the marketing research on loyalty programs. The aim was to identify the reasons that lead consumers to participate in loyalty programs and the benefits that are the main motivators for participation in the loyalty program. Respondents had the opportunity to create a loyalty program as they wish. The aim of this paper was also to prove the popularity of loyalty programs based on the principles of the deferred compensation.
Verification of the fulfilment of the purposes of Basel II, Pillar 3 through application of the web log mining methods
M. Munk, A. Pilková, Martin Drlík, J. Kapusta, P. Švec
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 217-222 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020217
The objective of the paper is the verification of the fulfilment of the purposes of Basel II, Pillar 3 - market discipline during the recent financial crisis. The objective of the paper is to describe the current state of the working out of the project that is focused on the analysis of the market participants' interest in mandatory disclosure of financial information by a commercial bank by means of advanced methods of web log mining. The output of the realized project will be the verification of the assumptions related to the purposes of Basel III by means of the web mining methods, the recommendations for possible reduction of mandatory disclosure...
Rating calibration
Kateřina Myšková, David Hampel
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 223-230 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020223
In this work we deal with the question of whether the evaluation of selected rating agencies is equivalent in some sense or not and whether it is possible to find a relationship between assessments. The fact that rating agencies affect not only financial market participants (by publication of companies or states ratings) is undeniable. On the one hand, these agencies are criticized for the rating changes, which have influence for example credit conditions for rated entity. On the other hand, ratings have a growing number of users for which ratings have become one of the few clues in today's complicated conditions powered by global financial crisis.For...
Customer relationship management influence on sales of selected companies
Jana Němeček
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 231-236 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020231
General awareness of information technology and business strategy Customer Relationship Management (CRM) among managers in the Czech Republic is for several years, but in comparison with Western states of the European Union the Czech companies are underdeveloped. Apparently also because of the economic crisis is CRM in the Czech Republic begins to be used more. The main goal of implementing CRM is to help to company increase the quality of relationship and communication with customers. In this article are the most common definitions of CRM.The main content of this article is about the analysing and comparing of Trading Income of selected companies...
Common consolidated corporate tax base: grouping and consolidation
Danuše Nerudová
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 237-244 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020237
After the ten years of work and discussion of the proposal the European Commission has published the proposal of CCCTB directive on 16th March, 2011. This proposal can be considered as unique, for the European Commission is suggesting totally new system of corporate taxation. The aim of the paper is to research the rules for consolidation and grouping suggested in the proposal of CCCTB directive, to identify the possible conflict situations and to suggest the possible solution. The focuses on the provisions regarding the conditions for consolidation and grouping, comprised in chapter IX, Art. 54-60. In that area has been identified, that...
Recent migration developments in the European perspective
Milan Palát
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 245-254 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020245
The aim of the paper is to evaluate the development of international migration in relationship to the recent economic situation in member countries of the European Union using quantitative methods including cluster analysis. The number of immigration in Europe has declined since the start of the global recession. The main reason was the decrease of demand in many sectors of the national economy, for instance the demand for retail and construction workers. Despite the drop in new immigration, labour markets of the EU countries were hit very severely. Unemployment rates in the most of European countries increased much more in the category of migrants...
Corporate life cycle as determinant of capital structure in companies of Czech automotive industry
Pavlína Pinková, Petra Kamínková
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 255-260 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020255
The issue of capital structure choice belongs to fundamental strategic financial decisions. A variety of potential determinants was suggested by theoreticians; however, the corporate life cycle was considered of peripheral importance, and thus the relationship between corporate life stages and capital structure was investigated only exceptionally. Both concepts were in the meantime developed separately. Recently, it has appeared that the aforementioned relation has become a subject of increased interest of the researches as a way to better understanding of how the corporate funding is changing in the course of time. The main objective of this paper...
On equilibrium real exchange rates in euro area: Special focus on behavioral equilibrium exchange rates in Ireland and Greece
Klára Plecitá, Luboš Střelec
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 261-270 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020261
This paper focuses on the intra-euro-area imbalances. Therefore the first aim of this paper is to identify euro-area countries exhibiting macroeconomic imbalances. The subsequent aim is to estimate equilibrium real exchange rates for these countries and to compute their degrees of real exchange rate misalignment. The intra-area balance is assessed using the Cluster Analysis and the Principle Component Analysis; on this basis Greece and Ireland are selected as the two euro-area countries with largest imbalances in 2010. Further the medium-run equilibrium exchange rates for Greece and Ireland are estimated applying the Behavioral Equilibrium Exchange...
Commercial name in the draft of the Civil Code
Jarmila Pokorná, Eva Večerková
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 271-278 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020271
Name of the firm is by the Commercial Code name of the entrepreneur registered in commercial register. The effective legal regulation distinguishs between the name of natural person (its first name and surname) and the name of company (its name and obligatory addition declaring its legal form). The name is not allowed to be deceptive and mistakable. It can be transfered only together with an enterprise. If the name is unwarrantedly interferented the injured person can require an unwarranted user to forbear his behaviour and to eliminate the defective state. He can also demand delivery of an unwarranted enrichment, adequate satisfaction and damages.Reform...
The internationalization of SMEs operating in the engineering industry
Lenka Procházková, Lea Kubíčková
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 279-284 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020279
The importance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the national economies of EU countries has been always growing. For these reasons, the increasing attention is paid to small and medium-sized enterprises also in the Czech economy. The paper is focused on the globalization of small and medium enterprises, in particular, identifying the key success factors of small and medium-sized businesses that operate in the engineering industry. For the purpose of fulfilling the objective of the article, the level of success of SMEs in foreign markets is established with the aggregate indicator of success. Subsequently the results of the primary research...
Income differentiation of agricultural households in regions of Czech Republic
Zuzana Procházková, Aleš Peprný, Radmila Presová
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 285-292 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020285
The Czech Republic has recently experienced phases of economic growth and periods of economic crisis. This fact affects the standard of living and household behaviour and affects the formation of life-style. This paper deals with the income situation of households. The main source of data is EU SILC survey from the years 2005 to 2008. The result of the enquiry and processing of primary data is information about the average income per household member, the poverty level and the number of households at risk of poverty. For the formulation of income differentiation is used Gini coefficient. Attention is paid to factors that affect income inequality (the...
Increasing competitiveness of wine producers in strategic alliances VOC
Martin Prokeš, Pavel Tomšík
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 293-298 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020293
The paper describes the main reasons for the formation of new regional association of wineries, based on a different origin for wines in the wine region of Moravia in the southeast part of the Czech Republic. This research aim is to create a plan for new development of such strategic alliances on the basis of results of localization factors. There coefficient of localization is used for identification of cluster. Results are compared with already operating on associations for the appellation in Austria DAC. They were traced changes in consumer preferences in the Czech wine market. Consumers are placing more emphasis on the selection of wine on its...
Using UML and Petri nets for visualization of business document flow
Ivana Rábová
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 299-306 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020299
The article deals with two principles of business workflow modeling, Petri nets and UML notation, that are the acceptable approaches to business modeling and can be used also for business documents workflow. The special type of Petri nets, WF-nets and UML activity diagrams are used in this article and both modeling ways are presented on the concrete business workflow and then there are presented and specified their advantage and disadvantage for business documents flows.At beginning it is explained the word workflow in context business documents, its features, principles and using in business environment. After that it is clarified that the UML...
Servqual potential for quality management in hotel services
Kateřina Ryglová, Ida Vajčnerová, Jakub Šácha
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 307-314 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020307
The aim of the paper is to present possibilities and specifications of using the Servqual method in service quality management in hotel industry. The Servqual method works on the definition of five dimensions of a service quality: tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy. It is based on so called Gap analysis that crucially comes out of the discrepancy between a customer's expectation and perception. Demonstrating the practical application of Servqual in hotel business is also a part of the paper, as well as verifying possibilities of customer satisfaction quantification with the help of the Gap model, evaluating general applicability...
Comparison of accounting methods for business combinations
Jaroslav Sedláček, Zuzana Křížová, Eva Hýblová
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 315-324 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020315
The revised accounting rules applicable to business combinations in force on July1st 2009, are the result of several years efforts the convergence of U.S. and International Committee of the Financial Accounting Standards. Following the harmonization of global accounting procedures are revised and implemented also Czech accounting regulations. In our research we wanted to see how changes can affect the strategy and timing of business combinations. Comparative analysis is mainly focused on the differences between U.S. and international accounting policies and Czech accounting regulations. Key areas of analysis and synthesis are the identification of...
Strategic development of varietal vineyards in the Czech Republic
Jiří Sedlo, Pavel Tomšík
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 325-334 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020325
The paper describes strategic changes in the structure of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) varieties grown in the Czech Republic. In 2004-2005, (i.e. after the admission of the Czech Republic into the EU) expenditures associated with restructuralisation and transformation of vineyards amounted for CZK 25,423 thous. The authors examine the development taking place in this domain within the last 50 years (i.e. from 1960 to 2010) and pay detailed attention to the period of 1989 to 2010. The paper analyses reasons of these changes and tries to describe the future development expected after 2010. The current production potential of the Czech Republic...
Value added tax evasion and excise duty fraud on fuel market in the Czech Republic
Pavel Semerád
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 335-340 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020335
This paper deals with analysis of current problems in the motor fuel market. It analyzes bottlenecks in setting the legislative changes in value added tax, excise tax and the legislation concerning fuels. The biggest problem is tax evasions that favor one group of business entities at the expense of another, and also cause that the state loses revenues mainly from indirect taxes. Therefore, attention is directed to quality control of fuels as a means of consumer protection and prevention of tax evasion and ways to combat tax evasion in import, distribution and storage of mineral oils. The examples are the most common errors found in fraudulent companies....
Changes in consumer's behavior of households in the Visegrad four countries in the period between 2007 and 2009
Dana Skálová, Jana Stávková
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 341-348 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020341
The onset of the economic crisis belongs to the years 2007 to 2009. This article evaluates the household consumption behaviour of European countries, especially in the Visegrad Four (V4), using consumption spending categories classified according to COICOP (Classification of Individual consumption by purpose) and using data available in the database of the European Commission, Eurostat. Available data include spending for the major commodities within the three years. The paper is devoted to the analysis of expenditure development, especially in the V4 countries and assesses whether there are any transfers of the shares between categories. The categories...
Small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) and transfer pricing
Veronika Solilová
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 349-356 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020349
Small and medium sized enterprises have very important position in the EU economy, mainly in the area of growth and employment. However, most of SMEs are active only in their home country and only a few of them participate in cross-border activities. Furthermore, their activities in the internal market are limited by great deal of obstacles, mainly in the form of different tax systems which generate excessive compliance costs of taxation and the existence of different SMEs definitions for various purposes in Member states. In addition, from the view of the international taxation issues, the most important obstacles can be considered a transfer pricing...
Efficiency in the Czech banking industry: A non-parametric approach
Daniel Stavárek, Iveta Řepková
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 357-366 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020357
This paper estimates the efficiency of the Czech commercial banks in the period 2001-2010 using the non-parametric Data Envelopment Analysis. We simultaneously use two alternative specifications - CCR model and BCR model - that differ in returns to scale assumption. Differences in estimated efficiency scores of individual banks are quite large up to 70 percentage points. Largest banks perform significantly worse than mid-size and small banks. This efficiency gap decreases if variable returns to scale are considered in the estimation. The average efficiency in the banking sector remained nearly unchanged during the analysed period. Although each year...
Influence of education on living conditions of households
Jana Stávková, Veronika Antošová, Jana Turčínková
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 367-374 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020367
The paper deals with the analysis of the effect of education on the income situation of households and inhabitants' living standards. The increasing number of inhabitants with higher levels of education provides conditions for the creation and development of the knowledge or information society. Knowledge society is a society where an individual is able to seek information in information sources, to process and use the found information creatively and to consider knowledge one of the essential factors of life quality. In this society, the significance of education increases and the utilization of scientific findings becomes the key source of the society's...
Evaluation of employee training in retail business
Jana Stehlíková
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 375-378 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020375
Technological development and growing competition on the market asks for continuous improvement of knowledge and skills of employees, not only for securing their work places but also for increasing the companies' competitiveness and economic development of the society. Company education is one of the main instruments, how the enterprises can improve their position in the market. The main criterion of success in business are in present especially employees' skills. The main objective of this paper was to evaluate the most important topics, which are used for improving skills and working outcomes of employees in retail and wholesale branch. Their possibility...
Physical and expenditure formulations of demand functions and evaluations of price demand elasticity
Pavel Syrovátka
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 379-382 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020379
Studies of the demand relations on the consumer markets bring much useful information. The concept of the elasticity coefficients is frequently used for the quantitative analysis of the demand sensitivity. Formulation of the investigated demand functions is very important for the evaluation of the demand elasticity. Within net consumer demand (consumer purchase), it is possible to differentiate the physical and expenditure forms of the demand functions. The paper is focused on the theoretical and methodological backgrounds of the evaluation of price-demand elasticity under the physical and expenditure definitions of the demand relationships. In this...
Public spending and Wagner's law in Central and Eastern European countries
Irena Szarowská
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 383-390 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020383
This paper provides direct empirical evidence on cyclicality and the long-term and short-term relationship between government spending and output in eight Central and Eastern European countries in a period 1995-2009. We analyzed annual data on government spending in compliance with the COFOG international standard. Although the theory implies that government spending is countercyclical, our research does not prove that. The results confirm cyclical development of government spending on GDP, Wagner's law and voracity effect in the CEE countries during 1995-2009.We used Johansen cointegration test and the error correction model. Output and government...
Identification of causes of differences in statutory and effective rates of corporate taxes
Jan Široký, Jolana Kvíčalová, Ivana Valentová
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 391-398 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020391
Although the existence of the corporate tax itself is a subject of controversy, it has been currently implemented in all EU countries except of Estonia where only distributed profits are taxed. The statutory (nominal) rate of the corporate tax itself does not say very much about the size of the corporate tax burden. This rate currently (on 31/10/2011) differs by 25% in the EU countries (10% in Bulgaria, Cyprus vs. 35% in Malta). For at least approximate determination of the effective (real) corporate tax burden, effective rates of corporate taxes are being used. The differences between the statutory and effective rates are affected by many factors....
Effect of money supply on the Dow Jones Industrial Average stock index
Martin Širůček
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 399-408 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020399
This focus of this paper are the effects and implications of a change in the money supply for share price indices in the USA during 1959-2011. The money supply will be measured by the M2 and MZM aggregates (money with zero maturity). The US stock market is represented by the Dow Jones Industrial Average index. The objective of this paper is to find, describe and evaluate the effects of changes to the money supply (M2 and MZM) on the US stock market. A partial objective of this paper is to determine whether a change in the monetary aggregate shows in the stock index immediately or with a delay of several weeks. Another aim is to determine whether asset...
Exchange rate EUR/USD risk in investments denominated in USD in the period of the financial and economic crisis
Oldřich Šoba
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 409-420 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020409
The paper discusses the evaluation of the influence of the EUR/USD exchange rate on the yield-rate of dollar share investments from the viewpoint of the Euro investor in varying investment periods with emphasis on the period of the financial and subsequent economic crisis targeted mainly in the period 2008-2010.The outputs of the paper are realized for the following investment periods: one-year, three-year, five-year, seven-year, ten-year and fifteen-year. The supplementary investment period is the twenty-year period, which due to the small number of observations is characterized by low informative value. The share investments denominated in USD...
Intensity of rivalry in Czech furniture production industry
Lucie Špačková, Pavel Žufan
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 421-428 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020421
The paper focuses on furniture production industry in the Czech Republic and evaluates the influence of competition forces within this industry. These forces have a direct impact on success of competitive strategies of the firms. Furniture production industry is a typical branch occupied by numerous small and medium-sized firms. Small firms aim on satisfying domestic (or rather local) demand, medium-sized and big firms are much more aiming on exports. The methodical sources for evaluation of rivalry represent particular influences defined by Porter in his model of five competitive forces. Main influences identified by Porter, which are increasing the...
Intensity of rivalry among existing competitors in the wine-making branch
Radka Šperková, Helena Hejmalová
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 429-436 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020429
The analysis of the rivalry among existing competitors in the wine-making branch is the aim of this paper. On the whole, the rivalry among existing companies in the wine-making branch may be described as intensive. When evaluating the level of intensity of rivalry among existing businesses in the branch, it is necessary to take into consideration their size and market share. Among first ten most significant companies on the market (84% market share) there is intensive competing. Individual companies use all their tangible and intangible means in order to extend their share and attract new clients. The aim of this competing is to strengthen the clients'...
Forecast of consumer behaviour based on neural networks models comparison
Michael Štencl, Ondřej Popelka, Jiří Šťastný
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 437-442 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020437
The aim of this article is comparison of accuracy level of forecasted values of several artificial neural network models. The comparison is performed on datasets of Czech household consumption values. Several statistical models often resolve this task with more or fewer restrictions. In previous work where models' input conditions were not so strict and model with missing data was used (the time series didn't contain many values) we have obtained comparably good results with artificial neural networks. Two views - practical and theoretical, motivate the purpose of this study. Forecasting models for medium term prognosis of the main trends of Czech...
Decision support system for promotion of Faculty of Business and Economics Mendel University
Pavel Turčínek, Arnošt Motyčka
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 443-448 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020443
Decreasing number of secondary school graduates means that, for college, it becomes more difficult to fulfill guide number of newly admitted students. In order to maintain an optimum number of registered students, the Faculty of Business and Economics decided to support activities which increase the interest of its accredited programs.Potential students should be treated as customers to whom we want to offer a product - knowledge, skills and competencies. Promoting study programs PEF MENDELU is handled by PR department in collaboration with several students.Availability of resources for promotion is limited. It is crucial to deciding how to...
Using the principal component analysis for evaluating the quality of a tourist destination
Ida Vajčnerová, Jakub Šácha, Kateřina Ryglová
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 449-458 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020449
The article deals with problems concerning evaluating the quality of a tourist destination. A tourist destination is a conjunction of products, services, natural resources, culture resources, local people, artificially created attractions and information, due to which it is able to attract a number of visitors. The visitors' satisfaction with a destination depends on the quality of their overall experience that is created on the basis of the cooperation of all actors in tourism in the given area - these are local inhabitants, service providers, public administration workers and destination management. The quality of services is a component of consumer...
The process of Europeanization of law in the context of Czech law
Miloš Večeřa
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 459-464 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020459
The paper is focused on the draft of the process of Europeanization of law. The process of European integration is often understood mainly as an economic process which aims towards the world-wide integration and organization of manufacturing, commercial, banking and financial operations, technologies and information. It is, however, a complex social phenomenon which represents - in addition to economical transformations - a rather complicated cultural, social, political and legal process with an extremely broad impact in all areas of life. Europeanization, the notion increasingly used in connection with the process of European integration, significantly...
Changes in the taxation of personal and corporate income in developed countries
Leoš Vítek
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 465-474 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020465
Over the past ten years, the tax policies have responded in two stages: for the period of a swift economic growth by 2008, and during the rapid economic recession over the period of 2009-2010. In the first part of the paper, we summarise changes in the businesses environment in developed countries. In its second part, the paper discuses changes of the personal and corporate taxation in developed countries, their structure and impacts of the economic crisis on the tax revenues and tax structures. The last part analyses and discusses changes in the tax policy in the field of business and labour taxation. Our results show that the business taxation, compared...
The popularity of organic products among young people in the Czech Republic
Martina Zámková, Veronika Blašková
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 475-480 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020475
Organic farming and foods, which have been very promisingly evolving over the recent years, are areas of economy that are not only of interest for farmers themselves but also for economists. Recent trends in this sector indicate an ongoing increase in the demand for organic production. The first part of this paper is devoted to introducing the concept of organic farming and gathering all the factors influencing the consumer's decisions in purchasing organic products. Based on these findings, a marketing research has been carried out. The aim of this research is to identify different shopping patterns among young males and females in the Czech Republic...
Principles of taxation of road motor vehicles and their possibilities of application
Petr David
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 483-492 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020483
The article deals with the taxation of ownership and operation of road vehicles in the Czech Republic. The result of study is the formulation of principles and functions that taxation of road vehicles should meet, including the subsequent evaluation of the feasibility of the optimal structure of the proposed tax. The text identifies many requirements for taxes and tax system, and also functions which have to be fulfilled. These findings are applied to the taxation of road motor vehicles. We find out, during use of standard general methods of scientific work, that taxation of road motor vehicles must provide primarily a fiscal function of a tax in sense...
Internal conditions of mountain rural areas in Poland development through tourism
D. Chudy-Hyski, Michał Żemła
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 493-498 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020493
Mountain areas in Poland constitute a special territory with respect to physico-geographical, economic and social aspects. There are specific environmental, economic and cultural conditions, which on one hand restrain and on the other provide chances of these areas development. Environmental conditions involve higher economic costs mainly in agriculture but also in other fields, such as construction or transportation. Other characteristics of these areas include landscape values which just through development of tourism can at least partially recompense the local communities the limited opportunities of gaining incomes. Thus increasing the competitiveness...
Competence: Focus on a term as a prerequisite for understanding of the Strategic Competence Management concept
Richard Kafoněk
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 499-502 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020499
Strategic Competence Management is a new interesting managerial concept which describes ways how firms should develop their competencies in a systematic way to get sustainable competitive advantage at the market. But the meaning of the term Competence varies significantly among different - not only managerial - disciplines. To be able to work with the concept of the Strategic Competence Management, the sense of the term Competence must be necessarily clarified. This paper describes different meanings of the term Competence and builds prerequisites for it's usage especially regarding the Strategic Competence Management in a Czech language environment.
Revenue impact on the demand of Slovak households for meat and meat products
Ľubica Kubicová, Zdenka Kádeková
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 503-510 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020503
Global economical crisis was felt in the differences in the incomes of the households and their food consumption. In the paper are analyzed the changing patterns in the structure of demand for meat and the impact on total expenditure on meat and meat products in the households of employees, households of self-employed persons and households of pensioners.When examining the sensitivity of demand to changes in consumer meat prices in different social groups of households was estimated own-price elasticity of demand, as well as cross-price elasticity.
The amendment of the Labour Code
Jana Mervartová
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 511-516 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020511
The amendment of the Labour Code, No. 365/2011 Coll., effective as from 1st January 2012, brings some of fundamental changes in labour law. The amendment regulates relation between the Labour Code and the Civil Code; and is also formulates principles of labour law relations newly. The basic period by fixed-term contract of employment is extended and also frequency its conclusion is limited. The length of trial period and the amount of redundancy payment are graduated. An earlier legislative regulation which an employee is temporarily assign to work for different employer has been returned. The number of hours by agreement to perform work is increased....
European Law as a terminological issue
Michaela Poremská, Bohumil Vítek
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 517-522 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020517
The European Law is a multiple-value term which is used in several branches of law and other sciences and its understanding is not clear. There are four basic branches of law explaining the concept of the "European law." One of them is the European law as the law of the EU. Second meaning is the law of international organizations. Then the law of Europe as the continent and the last meaning is connected with functional concept of law. The function is the regulation of competition or public procurement etc. The aim of the article is to contribute to better understanding of different meanings of the European law. Not only for the purpose of legal science...
Evaluation of innovation processes
Jakub Tabas, Michaela Beranová, Josef Polák
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 523-532 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020523
In present, innovations are spoken as an engine of the world economy because the innovations are transforming not only business entities but the whole industries. The innovations have become a necessity for business entities in order to survive on floating challenging markets. This way, innovations are driving force of companies' performance. The problem which arises here is a question of measurement innovation's effect on the financial performance of company or selection between two or more possible variants of innovation's realization.Various authors which are focused on innovations processes are divided into two groups in their attitudes towards...
Knowledge society in 21st century
Martina Urbanová, Jana Dundelová, Blahoslav Rozbořil
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 533-538 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020533
This paper is focused on the increasing need of education in 21st century and on some problems which emerged in this context - the economists prefer to emphasize the development and growth, profit and effectiveness, and they can overlook general, ethical, and essential problems and needs of the contemporary world. These problems are not resolved by simple algometrical approaches, but they require multi-disciplined paradigms, which can provide social sciences.Especially in the 21st century we need wide-ranging critical thinking as a basis of responsible ethical behaviour. However in the current educational environment in the...
Contemporary society and its normative systems
Dana Zapletalová, Jiří Tuza
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2012, 60(2), 539-546 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260020539
Every human behavior is under the influence of many factors, for example, personal preconditions, ambitions, education, in addition to certain time and the enviroment in which human beings live and work. From the social point of view, the first place in the regulation of behaviour is occupied by the normative regulátory systems. The contemporary time and society are often denominated as postmodern or postindustrial. Among others, there are crisis of various kind, first of all the crisis of traditional value systems reflected in the crisis of moral and law, which is connected with the current period. In this article, we analyse contemporary society,...