Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 2013 (vol. 61), issue 1
Suitability of technical materials for machinery subsoilers for soil tillage
Radek Bednář, Jiří Votava, Jan Červinka, Martin Fajman
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2013, 61(1), 9-16 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201361010009 
Agricultural soil processing belongs to the basic elements in the process of crop production. Currently classic tillage method is decreasing and the only trend has stated as a shallow plowing. Suitable post harvest soil tillage greatly affects yields in the next cycle. The aim of the study is the analysis of abrasive wear of selected construction materials and their subsequent use for DXRV-HD cultivator. The performed tests are focused on monitoring the mechanical properties of the materials and their use for variable cutting tip of cultivator body. Tested materials are divided into four categories. These materials include tool steel (19436), carbon...
The evaluation of vine leaves development dynamic
Patrik Burg, Tomáš Vítěz, Michal Michálek
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2013, 61(1), 17-23 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201361010017
This experiment was focused on evaluation of grape vine leaves surface area development of the six varieties on experimental sites in Velke Bilovice and Lednice, in the viticultural conditions of the South Moravia. The dynamic of leaves surface area development was mesured by using device LAM CI-202 (Leaf Area Meter, the device operating on the principle of the scanner and the resulting values are expressed through the leaf area index (LAI). The measurements were carried out in four dates (May, June, July, August) during phenological growth stages of growth, flowering, initial development of fruits (Berries pea-sized, berries beginning to touch). Obtained...
Basic mechanical properties of layered steels
Michal Černý, Josef Filípek, Pavel Mazal, Petr Dostál
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2013, 61(1), 25-38 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201361010025
This article deals with identifying attributes of layered steel materials (damask steel) with the help of mechanical tests. Experimentally verify basic mechanical properties of layered steel and subsequently assessed it in comparison with the values obtained for the classic steel materials. In conclusion, there are listed the possibilities of using multilayer steel materials in technical practice, depending on the economics of production.The damask steel was prepared by forge welding from a packet consisting of 17 layers (9 layers of tool steel 19 133 (ČSN) with the thickness of 6 mm and 8 layers 80NiCr11 steel in the form of saw bands with the...
Fatigue strength tests of layered steel
Michal Černý, Pavel Mazal, Josef Filípek, Petr Dostál
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2013, 61(1), 39-49 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201361010039
The work deals with original measurement of fatigue properties of formed layered steel material - damask steel. This is a material that exhibits a fine micro-structure as well as a regular composition of many material layers with complementary properties. The article experimentally verifies high-cycle fatigue properties of layered steel and evaluates them from the point of view of fatigue tests of conventional steel materials and a parallel application of a non-destructive - acoustic emission - testing. Finally, it discusses the influence of production on fatigue strength and the possibilities of using multi-layered steel materials in technological...
Changes in quality of fresh cheese using dressing with and without probiotic culture during storage
Erika Flimelová, Vladimíra Kňazovická, Margita Čanigová, Emília Benczová
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2013, 61(1), 51-57 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201361010051
The aim of the study was to evaluate selected chemical, microbiological and sensorial quality parameters in cheeses without (C), with addition of probiotic culture (E1) and with addition of probiotic culture and inulin (E2). These samples were analysed during 15 days of storage at cooling temperature (7 ± 2 °C). No significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed in the physico-chemical parameters (content of dry matter, fat, sodium chloride and water activity) by comparing of analysed samples. Titratable acidity values in the samples increased proportionally by time of their storage. Higher increase of titratable acidity was recorded in...
Effect of corn DDGS on broilers performance and meat quality
Marian Foltyn, Vojtěch Rada, Martina Lichovníková, Eliška Dračková
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2013, 61(1), 59-64 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201361010059
The effects of graded levels of corn distillers dried grains with soluble (DDGS) as partial replacement for soybean meal in diets for broilers were observed. In the first experiment 900 males of ROSS 308 were used and they fed diets with 0, 60, 120 and 180 g/kg DDGS in grower diets (Control group, D6, D12 and D18) from 9th to 35th day of age. In the second experiment 800 broilers both sex of COBB 500 were used and they fed diets with 0 and 200 g/kg DDGS in grower diets (Control group and D20) from 9th to 35th day of age. Until age 30th day there were not significant differences among the groups...
The water quality of the river Svratka and its tributaries
Jan Grmela, Tomáš Vítek, Radovan Kopp
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2013, 61(1), 65-70 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201361010065
Water quality in river depends on water quality of its tributaries. During the year 2011 nine selected sites downstream under the Vír dam (from 108 to 79 river km) were monitored. For observation were chosen tributaries Besének, Loučka, Nedvědička, Chlebský creek, Hodonínka, Vrtěžířský creek and Tresný creek. At the same time samples from the places above and under the whole monitored section of the river were taken. Basic physicochemical parameters were monitored monthly during the vegetation period. Flow velocity and discharge were assessed three times. Based on the water quality evaluation of, the river Svratka and its tributaries Hodonínka, Vrtěžířský...
The effect of bee pollen as dietary supplement on meat chemical composition for broiler Ross 308
Peter Haščík, Ibrahim Omer Elamin Elimam, Jozef Garlík, Miroslava Kačániová, Juraj Čuboň, Marek Bobko, Klára Vavrišínová, Henrieta Arpášová
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2013, 61(1), 71-76 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201361010071
The present experiment was aimed to study the effect of bee pollen on the meat chemical composition of broiler's Ross 308 breast and thigh muscles. In the experimental groups were added bee pollen in an amount (group E1 - 2 500 mg.kg-1, group E2 - 3 500 mg.kg-1 and E3 - 4 500 mg.kg-1) to the feed mixtures for 42 days. At the end of the study the water content was higher in experimental groups than the control group and on breasts there were a significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) between control groups and experimental groups (E1, E2 and E3) also there was a significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) between the experimental...
Voracious larvae Hermetia illucens and treatment of selected types of biodegradable waste
Markéta Kalová, Marie Borkovcová
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2013, 61(1), 77-83 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201361010077
This report is focused on the ability of larvae Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) to consume different types of biodegradable waste. Waste was selected in groups 02, 19 a 20 according to the Waste Catalogue (in Decree No. 381/2001 Coll., Czech Republic). Experiments were carried out in 14 BioPods Plus that are especially designed for insect Hermetia illucens (HI) in order to consume waste. The experiments were measured in laboratory conditions (relatively constant temperature and humidity).The highest weight reduction of waste material (by 66.53% of the original mass) was reached in waste plant tissues. Weight reduction for...
Sewage sludge as a biomass energy source
Pavel Kolat, Zdeněk Kadlec
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2013, 61(1), 85-91 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201361010085
The major part of the dry matter content of sewage sludge consists of nontoxic organic compounds, in general a combination of primary sludge and secondary microbiological sludge. The sludge also contains a substantive amount of inorganic material and a small amount of toxic components. There are many sludge-management options in which production of energy is one of the key treatment steps. The most important options are anaerobic digestion, co-digestion, incineration in combination with energy recovery and co-incineration in coal-fired power plants. The goal of our applied research is to verify, if the sludge from waste water treatment plants may be...
Effect of different crossbreeds of Lacaune and East Friesian breeds on milk yield and basic milk parameters
Leona Konečná, Jan Kuchtík, Šárka Králíčková, Michaela Pokorná, Květoslava Šustová, Radek Filipčík, Táňa Lužová
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2013, 61(1), 93-98 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201361010093
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of different crossbreeds (CB) of Lacaune (LC) and East Friesian (EF) breeds (LC 50 EF 50, LC 75 EF 25 and LC 87.5 EF 12.5) on daily milk yield (DMY) and basic milk composition (contents of total solids (TS), fat (F), protein (P), casein (C) and lactose (L) for the whole lactation. The evaluation of the interactions between CB and parity (PA) and between CB and litter size (LS) on above mentioned indicators was also an integral part of this study. The study was carried out on the organic farm in Valašská Bystřice. The factor of CB had a significant effect only on DMY and contents of P and C for the whole...
Effect of chosen factors on milk yield, basic composition and somatic cell count of organic milk of Brown short-haired goats
Šárka Králíčková, Jan Kuchtík, Radek Filipčík, Táňa Lužová, Květoslava Šustová
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2013, 61(1), 99-105 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201361010099
Effect of stage of lactation (SL), parity (PA), litter size (LS) and month of kidding (MK) on daily milk yield, basic composition and somatic cell count of organic goat milk were evaluated using 32 goats of Brown short-haired breed which were reared on an organic farm in Olešenka. Goats were on the 1st (n = 15), 2nd (n = 10) and 3rd (n = 7) lactation; 15 of them gave birth to singles and 17 to twins. Kidding occurred in January (n = 5), February (n = 13) and March (n = 8). During the experiment all goats were reared on permanent pasture, in one flock and under the identical conditions. The PA had a significant effect...
Changes in forms of available nitrogen and respiration in soil of beech forest as a reaction to a deforestation resulting from wind storm
Aleš Kučera, Ladislav Holík, Karel Marosz, Antonín Martiník, Dušan Vavříček
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2013, 61(1), 107-113 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201361010107
The article deals with the reaction of soil environment to a violent deforestation resulting from a wind storm. As a material, permanent inventory plot located in Training Forest Enterprise Masaryk Forest Křtiny was selected. The plot represents beech high forest, where soil was sampled from four types of sample plots: (1) maternal forest representing situation before the storm; (2) zone of transition from the maternal forest to the open area; (3) reafforested clearing; (4) natural evolution. From each sample plot type, 6 mixed samples of Ah horizon were analysed to assess N-ammonium (N-NH4+) and N-nitrates (NO3-)...
Rheological profiles of blends of the new and used motor oils
Vojtěch Kumbár, Adam Polcar, Jiří Čupera
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2013, 61(1), 115-121 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201361010115
The objective of this paper is to find changes of a rheological profile of the new engine oil if the used engine oil will be add. And also find changes of a rheological profile of the used engine oil if the new engine oil will be add. For these experiments has been created the blends of the new and the used engine oil. The temperature dependence of the density [kg.m-3] has been measured in the range of -10 °C and +60 °C. The instrument Densito 30PX with the scale for measuring engine oils has been used. The dynamic viscosity [mPa.s] has been measured in the range of -10 °C and +100 °C. The Anton Paar digital viscometer with...
Effect of nitrogen and potassium fertilization on micronutrient content in grain maize (Zea mays L.)
Josef Maňásek, Tomáš Lošák, Karel Prokeš, Jaroslav Hlušek, Monika Vítězová, Petr Škarpa, Radek Filipčík
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2013, 61(1), 123-128 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201361010123
A two-year small-plot field experiment with the grain maize hybrid KWS 2376 was conducted on heavy soil with a low supply of available nutrients incl. potassium (K) at Otrokovice, Czech Republic, during 2010-2011. The experiment included 4 treatments: unfertilized control; nitrogen (N) fertilisation with urea (120 kg N/ha) alone or combined with two forms of K fertiliser (potassium chloride (KCl) or potassium sulphate (K2SO4); 125 kg K2O/ha).Biomass samples for determination of Zn, Mn, Cu and Fe were taken as the whole aboveground biomass in the DC 32 (first node stage), the ear-leaf in the DC 61 (flowering stage)...
Transmittance of young Norway spruce stand canopy for photosynthetically active radiation during the growing season
Irena Marková, Jiří Kubásek
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2013, 61(1), 129-135 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201361010129
Analysis of transmittance of young Norway spruce stand canopy for photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was made at the study site of Bílý Kříž (the Moravian-Silesian Beskids Mts., the Czech Republic) at different sky conditions during the growing season in 2010. For the description of PAR transmittance different phenological phases of the spruce stand development in clear and overcast days were chosen. The mean daily PAR transmittance of the spruce canopy was significantly higher in overcast days compared with clear ones. Diffuse PAR thus penetrated into lower parts of the canopy more efficiently than direct one. PAR transmittance of young Norway...
Development of biochemical properties in anthropic soil (the study at Třinec-Jahodná plot)
Karel Marosz, Valerie Vranová, Klement Rejšek
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2013, 61(1), 137-145 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201361010137
The properties of the anthropic soils formed at the sludge bed "Třinec-Jahodná". The sludge bed came from a long-time depositing of fly-ash and slag layers. Therefore, the anthropic soil properties obtained their features by both a character of layered substrate and a management of the local land reclamation. The paper presented deals with the rate of an intensity of biological and biochemical soil processes in charge of the fulfilment of plant nourishment demands, and the time viewpoints focusing on the local soil development. The set of enzymatic and biological measurements were chosen for treatments of soil bodies sampled throughout 2007-2008. The...
Impact of pre-sowing treatment and sowing season on Douglas fir emergence rate in a specific seed lot
Antonín Martiník, Eva Palátová, Kateřina Houšková
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2013, 61(1), 147-155 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201361010147
Not only in the Czech Republic there is a problem with low yield of Douglas fir seedlings in forest tree nurseries. It can be caused mainly by two factors: the type of pre-sowing treatment and the temperature at the time of sowing. The aim of this study is to find out their influence on the emergence rate of Douglas fir. We have tested one specific seed lot originated from the Czech Republic subject to the following variants of pre-sowing treatment: soaking for 48 hours, stratification without a medium for 21 days and for 30 days after 48 hours of soaking and stratification for 30 days with a medium. The treated seeds were sown in a phytotron at temperatures...
The assessment of the suitability and effectiveness of the technologies for vineyard wood waste utilization for energetic purposes
Milan Michálek, Patrik Burg, Pavel Zemánek
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2013, 61(1), 157-162 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201361010157
This paper is focused on procedure proposal for implementation of technologies for utilization of waste vine cane from vineyards for the energy purposes, including an assessment of their effectiveness. Evaluated were three variants of technological. Evaluated were 3 variants of technological procedures with using the shredder with discharge spout, shredder with container and the vine cane baler. For the individual variants were modeled operating costs, depending on the extent of the annual use that reflects the size of the vineyard. The operating costs were also confronted with the price of wood chips. The results show a clear recommendations of these...
Shifts in spruce and beech flushing in the context of global climate change
Radek Pokorný, Ivana Tomášková, Alexander Ač
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2013, 61(1), 163-167 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201361010163
Bud phenology and development of needle nitrogen content were monitored on Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica [L.]) trees grown inside glass-domes for five years under ambient (385 µmol(CO2) mol-1) and elevated (700 µmol(CO2) mol-1) atmospheric CO2 concentrations ([CO2]). The spruce to beech ratio was 35:65 in both treatments. At the beginning of the experiment mean age of investigated trees was 5 years.Elevated [CO2] was responsible for premature growth of both spruce and beech buds in the E treatment (not...
Milk urea analytical result reliability and its methodical possibilities in the Czech Republic
Jan Říha, Oto Hanuš, Marta Kleinová, Pavel Kopunecz, Petr Roubal, Aleš Kolář, Jaroslav Kopecký
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2013, 61(1), 169-186 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201361010169
Control of milk urea concentration (MUC) can be used in diagnosis of the energy-nitrogen metabolism of cows. There are more analytical methods for MUC estimation and there are also discussions about their result reliability. Aim of this work was to obtain information for MUC result reliability improvement. MUC and MUN (milk urea nitrogen) were investigated in 5 milk sample sets and in 7 calibration/comparison experiments. The positions of reference and indirect methods were changed in experiments. There were following analytical methods for MUC or MUN (in mg.100 ml-1): - photometric method (PH, as reference) based on paradimethylaminobenzaldehyde...
The effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the content of macro and micro elements in grapevine (Vitis vinifera, L.) leaves
Martin Sedláček, Pavel Pavloušek, Tomáš Lošák, Andrea Zatloukalová, Radek Filipčík, Jaroslav Hlušek, Monika Vítězová
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2013, 61(1), 187-191 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201361010187
In a two-year field experiment we used leaf analysis to evaluate the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on the content of some macro elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) and micro elements (Zn, Mn, Fe) in grapevine leaves at the beginning of softening/veraison of grape berries. The contents of the individual elements differed which was caused both by the different varieties of Rulandské modré (Pinot Noir) and Frankovka (Blaufränkisch), and by the effect of the conditions of the year (2010, 2011), and by the actual treatment of the experiment (untreated control, mycorrhizal /AM/ plants). In 2010 the contents of all the nutrients in leaves of the variety...
Landscape metrics as a tool for evaluation of landscape structure, a case study of Hubenov region, Czech Republic
Dagmar Stejskalová, Petr Karásek, Lenka Tlapáková, Jana Podhrázská
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2013, 61(1), 193-203 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201361010193
The present paper contains the evaluation of rural landscape development in model territories by means of landscape structure analysis. Based on the computed values of landscape ecology indexes, development and typical and specific features of analysed territories are interpreted in defined time horizons. The territories differ in the intensity of their use, natural conditions and different social requirements. Two territories have intensive agriculture in different natural conditions, the third model territory is situated in the protective zone of a water resource, and the fourth model territory is a protected area. For all localities, the studied...
Pest occurrence model in current climate - validation study for European domain
Eva Svobodová, Miroslav Trnka, Martin Dubrovský, Daniela Semerádová, Josef Eitzinger, Zdeněk Žalud, Petr Štěpánek
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2013, 61(1), 205-214 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201361010205
The present study yields detail validation of the pest occurrence models under current climate in wide European domain. Study organisms involve Cydia pomonella, Lobesia botrana, Ostrinia nubilalis, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Oulema melanopus, Rhopalosiphum padi, and Sitobion avenae. Method used in this study belongs to the category climate matching (CLIMEX model) allowing the estimation of areas climatically favourable for species persistence based on the climatic parameters characterising the species development. In the process of model validation parameters were iteratively tested and altered to truly...
Application of the selected physical methods in biological research
Jaromír Tlačbaba, Michal Černý, Antonín Přidal, Petr Dostál
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2013, 61(1), 215-220 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201361010215
This paper deals with the application of acoustic emission (AE), which is a part of the non-destructive methods, currently having an extensive application. This method is used for measuring the internal defects of materials. AE has a high potential in further research and development to extend the application of this method even in the field of process engineering. For that matter, it is the most elaborate acoustic emission monitoring in laboratory conditions with regard to external stimuli. The aim of the project is to apply the acoustic emission recording the activity of bees in different seasons. The mission is to apply a new perspective on the...
Comparison of stem volume of Eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) and Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)
Petr Vaněk, Pavel Bednář
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2013, 61(1), 221-226 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201361010221
This study deals with mensurational and volumetric characteristics of introduced Eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) in comparison with native Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris) of the similar age and habitat. Municipal forests of Hradec Králové city (an area with the natural occurrence of Scotch pine and introduced Eastern white pine; east part of Bohemia, altitude from 250 to 280 m a.s.l.) belong to typological unit - nutrient-very poor, and acidic sites. There comparative analysis of basic stem variables (stem diameter at the breast-height - DBH, total tree height - H and stem volume - V) of dominant trees (10 individuals with the highest...
Crude protein, fibre and phytic acid in vitro digestibility of selected legume and buckwheat samples
Petra Vojtíšková, Stanislav Kráčmar
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2013, 61(1), 227-232 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201361010227
The aim of this study was to determine crude protein, fibre and phytic acid in vitro digestibility of selected legumes and buckwheat products. All analyses except the phytic acid contents were performed in the line with the Commission Regulation (EC) No. 152/2009. A modified version of Holt's Method was used for phytic acid (phytate) determination. None of all samples contained more than 11% of moisture. Soybeans are rich in crude protein; they contain nearly 40% of this compound. The content of crude protein in buckwheat flours was about 14%. The highest amount of phytate was found in common beans and soybeans-about 2 g/100 g of dry matter....
Nematocid effects of watercress (Nasturtium officinale R. Br.)
Helena Zahradníková, Kristína Petříková
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2013, 61(1), 233-236 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201361010233
The watercress (Nasturtium officinale R. Br.) is often grown as a forced leaf vegetable rich in vitamins and minerals. Its specific taste and curative effects result from the presence of mustard glycosides (glucosinolates) that may also show nematocidic effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of watercress eluate and juice on tomato plants inoculated with the northern root-knot nematode (NRKN) Meloidogyne hapla. It was found out that after the treatment of plants with solutions derived from watercress the yield of fruit was highly significantly increased. The highest yield increase (by 96 % to 165 %) was observed...
Allometric growth of copper, zinc, manganese and iron in slow- and fast-growing young chickens
Jiří Zelenka
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2013, 61(1), 237-241 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201361010237
Allometric growth of body microminerals was examined in slow-growing laying-type cockerels (SG) and in fast-growing male broiler hybrids (FG) during the growing period from hatch to Day 22. Allometric coefficients for dry matter, copper, zinc, manganese and iron in relation to body weight were 1.0914, 1.0429, 1.2743, 1.0299 and 1.0730 for SG chickens and 1.0752, 0.9450, 1.0459, 1.0779 and 1.0059 for FG chickens, respectively. Allometric coefficients describing the relationships of Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe with dry matter weight were 0.9495, 1.1654, 0.9390 and 0.9772 for SG chickens and 0.8754, 0.9698, 0.9981 and 0.9336 for FG chickens, respectively. High...
Time temperature indicators as devices intelligent packaging
Adriana Pavelková
Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2013, 61(1), 245-251 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201361010245
Food packaging is an important part of food production. Temperature is a one of crucial factor which affecting the quality and safety of food products during distribution, transport and storage. The one way of control of food quality and safety is the application of new packaging systems, which also include the intelligent or smart packaging. Intelligent packaging is a packaging system using different indicators for monitoring the conditions of production, but in particular the conditions during transport and storage. Among these indicators include the time-temperature indicators to monitor changes in temperature, which is exposed the product and to...