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The article proposes a new method suitable for advanced analysis of web portal visits. This is part of retrieving information and knowledge from web usage data (web usage mining). Such information is necessary in order to gain better insight into visitor's needs and generally consumer behaviour. By leveraging this information a company can optimize the organization of its internet presentations and offer a better end-user experience. The proposed approach is using Grammatical evolution which is computational method based on genetic algorithms. Grammatical evolution is using a context-free grammar in order to generate the solution in arbitrary reusable form. This allows us to describe visitors' behaviour in different manners depending on desired further processing. In this article we use description with a procedural programming language. Web server access log files are used as source data.
The extraction of behaviour patterns can currently be solved using statistical analysis - specifically sequential analysis based methods. Our objective is to develop an alternative algorithm.
The article further describes the basic algorithms of two-level grammatical evolution; this involves basic Grammatical Evolution and Differential Evolution, which forms the second phase of the computation. Grammatical evolution is used to generate the basic structure of the solution - in form of a part of application code. Differential evolution is used to find optimal parameters for this solution - the specific pages visited by a random visitor. The grammar used to conduct experiments is described along with explanations of the links to the actual implementation of the algorithm. Furthermore the fitness function is described and reasons which yield to its' current shape. Finally the process of analyzing and filtering the raw input data is described as it is vital part in obtaining reasonable results.

The aim of this study was to explore the depression effects of level of inbreeding on kg of fat and protein presented in the form of breeding values. The data included cows calved in the years 1990-2006 at farms in the Czech Republic. Inbred cows were grouped according to F_x coefficients (F_x = 1.25%, F_x = 2.0-3.125%, F_x = 4.0-12.5% and F_x = total). The breeding values for inbred cows were compared with their outbred equals (2689 equals in sum) - half-sisters, sharing the same sire, dam reaching the same breeding value (± 5%) and their first calving occurring at the same farm, at the same time (±2 month). The PROC GLM of SAS^® with fixed effects (age at first calving, year of calving, number of lactations, first calving interval and relative breeding value of sire and dam were applied to all data).
In the groups with F_x coefficients (F_x= 1.25 %, F_x = 2.0-3.125 %, F_x = 4.0-12.5 % and F_x = total) we found a decrease in the breeding values of kg fat in inbred cows of -1.48; 0.17; -8.26 and -0.51 kg. In the case of protein content the depressed production in inbred cows was: -0.58; -0.48; -3.21 and -0.94 kg. These differences were significant (p ≤ 0.01) in the group with the highest F_x value (F_x = 4.0-12.5%). The inbred animals showed higher variability within the range of observed corrected breeding values (Y_ijklmno) for kg of fat and protein.
The results also show that increasing the level of parents (as RBV) caused a very significant increase in production both in inbred and outbred daughters but greater increase in fat and protein was evident in the non-inbred cows.

The paper deals with the yields of Festulolium, Dactylis glomerata, Arrhenatherum elatius and Festulolium-Dactylis glomerata mixture during the growing season and at the end of the growing season. The yields were assessed in the Bohemian-Moravian upland at 560 m a.s.l. A small-plot experiment was established in three repetitions. The assessment was made in three subsequent years. The experiment was annually fertilized with 50 kg.ha^-1 N, 30 kg.ha^-1 P and 60 kg.ha^-1 K. Evaluated were dry matter yields and RYT values (Relative Yield Total) in the mixture of Festulolium and Dactylis glomerata. In summer, the sward was used either for one cut (harvest in early June) or two cuts (harvests in early June and late July). At the end of the growing season, the stand was harvested in October or in November or in December. Yields of the first cut in early June ranged from 5.90 to 9.12 t.ha^-1. Yields of the second cut in late July ranged from 1.05 to 4.60 t.ha^-1. Statistic difference between the species was significant (P < 0.05) in the respective cuts. Total yields of dry matter in the growing season ranged from 7.51 to 10.05 t.ha^-1. Number of cuts and year showed a statistically highly significant influence (P < 0.01) on DM yields. The mixture of Festulolium and Dactylis glomerata exhibited an additive relation (RYT = 1) in the first cut and an antagonistic relation (RYT < 1) in the second cut. At the end of the growing season, the yields ranged from 0.71 to 2.27 t.ha^-1. Average yields of one-cut swards (harvested in summer in early June) were at the end of the growing season 2.27 t.ha^-1 and average yields of two-cut swards (harvested in summer in early June and late July) were 0.79 t.ha^-1. From October to December, the yields were decreasing from 1.78 to 1.32 t.ha^-1. Species, number of cuts in summer, harvest date at the end of the growing season and year showed a statistically highly significant influence (P < 0.01) on dry matter yields. In the first two production years, the mixture of Festulolium and Dactylis glomerata exhibited an antagonistic relation (RYT < 1) at the end of the growing season. In the third production year, the relation between Festulolium and Dactylis glomerata as expressed by the RYT value could be identified as synergic (RYT > 1).

The application of methods based on measurements of photosynthesis efficiency is now more and more popular and used not only for the evaluation of the efficiency of herbicides but also for the estimation of their phytotoxicity to the cultivated crop. These methods enable to determine also differences in the sensitivity of cultivars and/or hybrids to individual herbicides. The advantage of these methods consists above all in the speed and accuracy of measuring.
In a field experiment, the sensitivity of several selected grain maize hybrids (EDENSTAR, NK AROBASE, NK LUGAN, LG 33.30 and NK THERMO) to the herbicide CALLISTO 480 SC + ATPLUS 463 was tested for a period of three years. The sensitivity to a registered dose of 0.25 l.ha^-1 + 0.5 % was measured by means of the apparatus PS1 meter, which could measure the reflected radiation. Measurements of sensitivity of hybrids were performed on the 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th and 8^th day after the application of the tested herbicide, i.e. in the growing stage of the 3^rd-5^th leaf. Plant material was harvested using a small-plot combine harvester SAMPO 2010. Samples were weighed and converted to the yield with 15 % of moisture in grain DM.
The obtained three-year results did not demonstrate differences in sensitivity of tested hybrids to the registered dose of the herbicide CALLISTO 480 SC + ATPLUS 463 (i.e. 0.25 l.ha^-1 + 0,5 %). Recorded results indicated that for the majority of tested hybrids the most critical were the 4^th and the 5^th day after the application; on these days the average PS1 values were the highest at all. In years 2005 and 2007, none of the tested hybrids exceeded the limit value 15 (which indicated a certain decrease in the efficiency of photosynthesis). Although in 2006 three of tested hybrids showed a certain decrease in photosynthetic activity (i.e. EDENSTAR and NK AROBASE on the 3^rd day and NK LUGAN on the 2^nd-4^th day after the application), no visual symptoms of damage of plants were found out. It could be concluded that the herbicide CALLISTO 480 SC + ATPLUS 463 (when applied in the registered dose of 0.25 l.ha^-1 + 0.5 %) did not damage hybrids under study and did not show any statistically significant effect on the grain yield. This means that the manufacturer's statement that this herbicide, if applied in the registered dose of 0.25 l.ha^-1 + 0.5 %, is very tolerant to grain maize seedlings in the growth stage of 3-5 leafs, was correct. The most suitable date of measurements of differences in sensitivity to and/or potential phytotoxicity of the preparation CALLISTO 480 SC + ATPLUS 463 seemed to be the fourth day after the application because the measured average PS1 values were the highest in all hybrids under study. When evaluating the pooled three-year yields of grain (converted to 15% of moisture content) by means of variance analysis, a statistically significant effect of the year and the hybrid on the grain yield was found out. On the other hand, however, there was no statistically significant difference in the grain yield between control and the variant treated with the registered dose of the herbicide CALLISTO 480 SC + ATPLUS 463

In the present study, basic density of pulpwood of Norway spruce (Piceas abies /L./ Karst.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) was investigated. The variability of basic density and factors applied are out of concern. Factors are characterised by localization along the log, growing conditions defined by geographic area of Czech Republic, diameter of log, and the storing of logs within transport loading. Basic density was determined on cores taken by modified Pressler borer in the radial direction from bark to pith. The average basic density of Norway spruce is comparable to Scots pine, as well as the variation coefficient. Basic density of Norway spruce was found 443 kg.m^-3 (Vx = 13.9%) where as the Scots pine base density was 450 kg.m^-3 (Vx = 15.5%). Basic density was significantly influenced by all factors assessed except the localization of cores along logs. The investigation demonstrated that basic density can be affected by locality of supply in comparison to within logs variability that have much lower importance.

Citric acid (KC) in milk is indicator of cow energy metabolism. Milk laboratories set up KC determination. A method can be infra-red analyse (MIR-FT). The goal was to develop a relevant method for reference sample preparation for MIR-FT (indirect method, Lactoscope FTIR and MilkoScan FT 6000) calibration. As reference was used a photometric method (c; 428 nm). KC was added (n = 3) into some reference milk samples (n = 10, bulk milk). Mean value was 9.220 ± 3.094 mmol.l^-1 with variation range from 6.206 to 15.975 mmol.l^-1. Recovery c was from 100.8 to 120.2 %. Correlation between c and MIR-FT were from 0.979 to 0.992 (P < 0.001). These were lower in the set of native milk samples (n = 7), from 0.751 (Lactoscope FTIR; P < 0.05) to 0.947 (MilkoScan FT 6000; P < 0.001) in comparison to original values from 0.981 to 0.992 (n = 10; P < 0.001). Correlations between calibrated MIR-FT instruments were from 0.958 to 1.0 (P < 0.001). Average recovery for instruments (n = 12) was 101.6 ± 18.1 %. The mean differences between c method and MIR-FT after calibration (n = 4) moved from -0.001 across zero to 0.037 %. Standard deviation of differences was from 0.0074 to 0.0187 % at MilkoScan FT 6000 and from 0.0105 to 0.0117 % for Lactoscope FTIR. Relative variability of differences (MIR-F (filter technology) and FT) for major components fat (T), proteins (B) and lactose (L) in total and minor components KC and free fatty acids (VMK) was estimated to 1.0 and 7.2 and 34.4 %. The KC result is inferior than T, B and L superior than VMK. Autocorrelation (0.042; P > 0.05) of results demonstrated the independence of consecutive measurements. Milk preservation effect amounted 0.2323 (P < 0.001) with bronopol and 0.0339 (P > 0.05) mmol.l^-1 with dichromate. It was (3.0 and 0.44 %) practically negligible, redeemable via relevant calibration. The results of proficiency testing in post-calibration period and evaluation of double transport stress effect samples (difference was -0.006 ± 0.071 mmol.l^-1 (P > 0.05)) demonstrated the useability for central calibration system. Milk KC results of MIR-FT calibration were good and can be suitable for practical screening.

The aim of our study was to evaluate the relationship between reproduction and milk traits in cows of the Czech Fleckvieh. In the period of 90-180 days after calving milk of each dairy cow was analysed for constituent milk components and milk features (40 analyses in total for each sample). The database contained data concerning to the origin and reproduction traits (service period, services per conception and interval between calving and first insemination) for every single cow.
When the calculated correlations were evaluated the milk yield reached significant (* p < 0.05) to very significant (**p < 0.01) negative correlation to content of some milk components: fat (-0.253**); rough protein (-0.256**); casein (-0.197**); pure protein (-0.247**); and also to content of some macroelements as: phosphorus (-0.245**); sodium (-0.261**); magnesium (-0.151*).
Relation of milk yield (in kg) and reproduction traits (number of inseminations and length of service period) shows non-significant positive correlations. With increasing of milk yield, there are a higher number of services per conception and longer service period. It confirms a general tendency of deterioration of reproduction with an increasing milk yield.
We have found out that when the concentration of urea, acetone, number of somatic cells and percentage of fat in milk of Czech Fleckvieh cows was increased, reproduction traits worsened (number of inseminations, length of service period). The differences were not statistically significant. This negative relation was not proven to an interval (number of days between calving and the first insemination), where a company management may have a significant influence.

The plant additives and their functional components can selectively influence the intestinal microorganism growth in positive or negative direction. If the growth promotion relates with positive microorganisms and growth elimination is connected with pathogens the results is nutrients utilization improvement, stimulation of immunologic system or positive influence of intermedial metabolism. Anethole is one of these important plant metabolites. There are described following positive effects of anethole in human medicine: vasorelaxant, antithrombotic, releasing of heart function, fytoestrogenic (it mean improving of milk secretion, menstruation, promotion of menses, birth improvement, men's hormonal changes improving, sexual libido improving), antioxidative, antifungal, improvement of derma permeability, antihelmintic, insecticidal, yeast elimination, antibacterial, antipyretic.
In our work the effect of anise and fennel essential oils on nutrients utilization in pig experiment was evaluated. The trial was organized in accredited experimental stable Žabčice of Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry Brno. The high level efficiency of experimental animals is mentioned through general parameters (average daily gain, feed intake and feed conversion). The results of nutrients utilization rate show slightly higher digestibility of nutrients in treatment with anise oil, this improvement is not higher then 1.0 %. We can see also improvement of nitrogen retention in body mass on level of 5.6 % (anise treatment compared with control group). There is low variability between experimental animals (except nitrogen retention coefficient) but we can not see any statistical significance. On base of these results we can say the used phytogenic additives do not affect negatively the nutrient utilization in used concentration (0.1 % of essential oil in feed mixture) and are fully eligible for animal nutrition. These results are also supported by few research papers connected with similar topic.

The production planning is one of the key managerial decisions in agricultural business, which must be done periodically every year. Correct decision must cover the agriculture demands of planting the crops such as crop rotation restrictions or water resource scarcity, while the decision maker aims to plan the crop design in most profitable way in sense of maximizing the total profit from the crop yield. This decision problem represents the optimization of crop design and can be treated by the methods of linear programming which begun to be extensively used in agriculture production planning in USA during 50's. There is ongoing research of mathematical programming applications in agriculture worldwide, but the results are not easily transferable to other localities due to the specific local restrictions in each country. In Czech Republic the farmers use for production planning mainly their expert knowledge and past experience. However, the mathematical programming approach enables find the true optimal solution of the problem, which especially in the problems with a great number of constraints is not easy to find intuitively. One of the possible barriers for using the general decision support systems (which are based on mathematical programming methods) for agriculture production planning in Czech Republic is its expensiveness. The small farmer can not afford to buy the expensive software or to employ a mathematical programming specialist. The aim of this paper is to present a user friendly linear programming model of the typical agricultural production planning problem in Czech Republic which can be solved via software tools commonly available in any farm (e.g. EXCEL). The linear programming model covering the restrictions on total costs, crop rotation, thresholds for the total area sowed by particular crops, total amount of manure and the need of feed crops is developed. The model is applied in real-world problem of Czech agriculture cooperative and the results of its solution are compared to the real decision made. The applicability of the model in every day agriculture managerial practice in Czech Republic is discussed and its possible enlargement is mentioned.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of sheep pasture on the content of minerals in growth of the Mohelenska Serpentine Steppe National Nature Reserve.
Merino sheep pastured on the steppe in 1997-1998, electrical fencer was used. There were 6.8-9.4 sheep per 1 ha in 1997 and 6.7-8.7 sheep per 1 ha in 1998 on the pasture area 4.25 and 6 ha. Samples of steppe growth were taken from five locations with typical fytocenological composition for particular area of steppe. Samples were taken each two weeks during vegetative season from area 3x1 m². The contents of Ca, P, Na, K, Mg, Mn, Zn, Cu and Fe in dry matter were evaluated. The changes in the content of the nutrients were evaluated depending on the location before, after and during pasture. The values of nutrients were compared with content of these nutrients in meadow and pasture growths (noted in European databases).
The content of Ca was from 2.23 to 4.06 g/kg of dry matter. Pasture decreased the variability of location in Ca content and there were significant decreases of Ca content on two locations (P < 0.01). Low content of Ca in steppe growth due to pasture significantly decreased on these locations in comparison with Ca content in pasture growth on no-serpentine soil.
The content of P was from 2.23 to 4.06 g/kg of dry matter. Pasture did not affect the variability of location and on one location pasture significantly increased its content (P < 0.01). Despite it the content of P in dry matter was markedly lower than in pasture growths.
The content of Na was from 43.88 to 113.97 mg/kg of dry matter. Pasture did not affect the variability of location and its content. The content of Na was markedly lower in steppe growth in comparison with pasture growths.
Pasture also did not affect the content of K, which was from 9.96 to 18.10 g/kg of dry matter. But pasture increased the variability of location. The content of K in steppe growth was low in comparison with pasture growths.
The content of Mg was from 2.14 to 4.64 g/kg of dry matter. On two locations the content of Mg increased due to pasture (P < 0.05). The content of Mg in steppe growth was comparable with its content in pasture growths.
The content of Mn was from 27.55 to 41.32 mg/kg of dry matter and the content of Zn from 12.05 to 26.64 mg/kg of dry matter. Pasture increased the variability of location in both these nutrients. The effect of the pasture on their contents was not (P < 0.05). In steppe growth the content of Mn was markedly lower in comparison with pasture growths and the content of Zn was lower in comparison with pasture growths.
The contents of Cu and Fe were from 1.81 to 5.94 mg/kg of dry matter and from 76.1 to 263.2 mg/kg of dry matter. Pasture increased variability of location in the content of Cu and decreased its content in three locations (P < 0.05). The content of Fe was not affected by pasture (P < 0.05). The contents of Cu and Fe were lower in comparison with pasture growths on no-serpentine soils.

The paper is aimed at the presentation of findings obtained in the study of the average level, variability, dynamics, developmental trends and a short-time point extrapolation prediction of the population in the Czech Republic and their structure according to gender and scale of the economic generation. In addition to the exact evaluation of the selected indicators, the analysis is also aimed to general rates of natural reproduction of population and their movement in the defined territorial unit and time interval 1993-2003. There are also presented relative rates of marriages, divorces, live births and deaths to mid-year population.

The paper was aimed at the determination of variability of horizontal resin canal dimension in spruce wood in relation to the position in a spruce stem. Significant changes of dimensions in horizontal resin canal along the stem length and radius were found. On the basis obtained of results 3D models (for CW, OW, SWL and SWP zones) describing changes in resin canal dimensions in spruce in relation to the position in a stem were created. In the models, the resin canal dimension decreases with the height of a stem and on the other hand, with an increasing distance from the stem pith the dimension of resin canal increases. The importance of the paper consists in the enlargement of findings about the structure of spruce with compression wood.

The paper is focused on the analysis of stock market returns of American and European stock market for different investment horizon from the view of an American and European investor. The paper also partly resumes, in the part of analysis of USD/EUR exchange rate influence on market returns of mentioned stock market, research paper REJNUŠ, O., ŠOBA, O.: Changes in the USD/EUR exchange rate and their impact on the return of stock indexes from the viewpoint of a European and of an American investor. ACTA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE ET SILVICULTURAE MENDELIANAE BRUNENSIS, Vol. LII, No. 6, 2004, pg. 145-159, ISSN 1211-8516.
The development of both American and European stock market is put on the development of two, structure-similar Standard & Poor's exchange indexes, particularly S&P 500 and S&P Europe 350. According to the USD/EUR exchange rate, there were used the values published by FED, with the oldest data there were accepted the count ECU to EUR. The data were taken both from the weekly closing values of mentioned stock indexes and weekly closing values of USD/EUR exchange rate.
The analysis was done with using the methods of quantification of "running market returns" (recount to the average annual values) of indexes from the view of both investors within the set investment horizon. The elemental statistical level characteristic - simple average, median and statistical characteristic of variability - standard deviation and variation coefficient were quantified from this time series of annual running market returns.
The analysis, which was purposely oriented to six basic different long investment horizon (1 year, 2 years, 3 years, 5 years, 7 years, 10 years), has approved that in focused term of 1980-2004 the market returns of picked stock market from the view of both investors (American and European) was generally higher in longer investment horizon than in the shorter investment horizon. The values of variation coefficient in particular investment horizon indicated the decreasing riskiness of investments in analyzed markets with elongating length of investment horizon, from view of both investors on both stock markets. The influence of the exchange rates changes on the values of quantified characteristic of indexes market returns (stock markets) was relatively insignificant, so the conclusions of the mentioned research paper, which resumes partly this paper, where in practice verified.

Impact of climate change on winter wheat yields using crop growth model has been tested in this study. Simulated results show that: (1) Wheat yields tend in general to increase (40 out of 42 applied climate change scenarios) on most locations in range between 7.5-25.3% in all three time periods. In case of CCSR scenario that predicts the most severe increase of air temperature yields would be reduced by 9.6% in 2050 and by 25.8% if the A2 emission scenario would become reality. Differences between individual scenarios are large and statistically significant and especially for the more distant time periods may lead to doubts about the trend of the yield shifts. (2) Site effect upon the final quantity of climate change impact of winter wheat yield was caused mainly by site-specific differences in the present soil and climatic conditions. Specific importance of site increases with increasing severity of imposed climatic changes and culminates for emission scenario A2 and time period 2100. The sustained tendencies benefiting two warmest sites has been found as well as betters response to the change climatic conditions of sites with deeper soil profiles than those with less suitable soil conditions.

In general, the over sea height is cumulative factor, which can influence significantly the farm conditions. This effect consists of temperature (mean year temperature), rain (sum of rainfulls), sunshine (total period of sunshine) and so on, in terms of climate, which can influence the dairy cow keeping directly and indirectly. Direct effects can influence the welfare of dairy cows in terms of hot stress for example, which could decrease a mastitis resistance of cows or their milk yield in simply way. Indirect effects can influence the dairy cows and their milk production (milk yield and milk composition and quality) by typical kinds of forages and preserved rough fodders, by their botany composition and nutritional quality. In general it is possible to say, that increasing over sea height decreases economical efficiency of dairying. On the other hand the higher over sea height is sometimes linked with pastoral system of dairy cow rearing and nourishment and more often with possibility to ecological and biodynamical agriculture application. In the fact, the mountain and submountain localities are named as less favourable areas (LFAs) in terms of agriculture efficiency and sustainability under the Czech Republic conditions. Despite of above mentioned facts, the pastoral system of dairying plays very important role for tourism development in different countries such as Alpine or Scandinavien countries, Ireland, The Netherlands or in particular in New Zealand.
It could be very good to know the incidentaly possible impacts of over sea height of dairy cow rearing localities on milk quality, composition and its technological properties because of discussions about incidental dairy subsidies. Of course, in some countries including the Czech Republic, the governmental production subsidies or governmental environmental subsidies are partly linked with over sea height of localities of dairy farms, according to different calculation formulas as well.
The individual milk samples, feedstuff samples (total mixed ration (TMR) on feeding trough) and mean excrement samples were collected at seven dairy cow herds and two main milked breeds of cattle (in the CR) for three years. Bulk milk samples were collected as well. It was done two times per year in winter (February, Marz) and summer (August, September) seasons. The herds were localised in lowland (N; ≤ 350 m of o.s.h.) and highland (P; > 350 m of o.s.h.) areas. The breed effect (H = Holstein and C = local Bohemian spotted cattle based on Simmental breed) was good balanced between N and P areas. The milk yields of herds varied from 5500 to 10000 kg of milk per lactation. The different but typical varieties of nourishment and feeding systems of dairy cows were applied in the herds: N = alfalfa silage with maize silage; P = clover-grass silage, grass silage with maize silage and grass pasture as well. The concentrates were feeded according to milk yield and nutrition demand standards.
Investigated chemical-compositional, physical, health and technological parameters in individual milk samples were as follows: daily milk yield (ML; kg of milk per day); fat content (Tuk; g/100ml); lactose content (Lak; g/100g of monohydrate); solids non fat (STP; g/100g); somatic cell count (PSB; tis./ml); urea content (Mo; mg/100ml); acetone

The focus of the investigation was on an analysis of criteria for the entry of mares of the Austrian warm-blood horse into the stud book and analysis of the pedigree of the mares. The objective of the thesis was to compare the selected properties of the mares based on their pedigree and to evaluate the effect of the Trakehner horse on the frame, type and conformation of the Austrian warm-blood, to analyse the influence of selected effects on the physique and mechanics of movement on entry into the stud book of the Austrian warm-blood, and to compare selected properties of the mares with the pedigree standard of the Austrian warm-blood. The database was compiled from results of evaluations of the conformation and mechanics of movement on entry into stud books in the period of 1990-2006. The evaluated characteristics were the basic body measurements - height of withers, heart girth, bone, and evaluation of the body conformation on a ten-point scale - head, neck, forehand, middle-piece, quarters, forelegs, hind legs, correctness of pace, walk, mechanics of movement and total mark for conformation. The comparative base consisted of 4407 mares. On the basis of results of subsequent tests we can indicate the pedigree group 1 (pure-bred Trakehner mares) as a group which obtained the highest marks for body conformation (head - 7.82, neck - 7.38, middle-piece - 7.46, correctness of pace - 7.27 total mark for conformation - 7.37). We compared the group of mares of the Austrian warm-blood pedigree standard and we discovered that out of the 4407 mares entered into the stud book of the Austrian warm-blood horses in the period of 1990-2006 the height at withers of 65 mares (1.5 % of the monitored population) was less than 158 cm, which in the Stud Book Rules is the minimal height for entry.

In 2003-2007 the issue of the forage production and quality on the permanent grassland was researched by the Crop Research Institute Prague, Research Station Jevíčko. The long-term small plot trials with tall oatgrass stand type (Arrhenatherion) were established in 2003 on a fluvisoil. Four types of utilisation were used in the trial: 1. Intensive (I₁) - 4 cuts per year (1^st cut on 15^th May, every next after 45 days); 2. Medium intensive (I₂) - 3 cuts per year (1^st cut on 30^th May, every next after 60 days); 3. Low intensive (I₃) - 2 cuts per year (1^st cut on 15^th June, 2^nd after 90 days); 4. Extensive (I₄) - 2 cuts per year (1^st cut on 30^th June, 2^nd after 90 days) and four levels of fertilizer application: F₀ = no fertilization; F_PK = P₃₀K₆₀N₀; F_PKN90 = P₃₀K₆₀+N₉₀; F_PKN180 = P₃₀K₆₀+N₁₈₀. The overall average DM production of grasslands over five years was 7.19 t.ha^-1. The lowest annual DM production is 6.77 t.ha^-1 during the intensive utilisation (I₁) and it increases towards the extensive (I₄) utilisation to 7.62 t.ha^-1, at all levels of fertilization. Application of phosphorus and potash fertilizers did not have significant effects on grassland DM yield. Application of N-fertilizer increased DM production (P_0.01) already on the level F_PKN90 to 8.49 t.ha^-1, on the level F_PKN180 DM matter still increased up to 9.51 t.ha^-1. Forage quality was highest during the intensive (I₁) utilisation and relatively lowest during the extensive (I₄) utilisation. The intensive (I₁) utilisation of permanent grassland improves OMD (P_0.01), concentration of CP and NEL and decreases fiber concentration (P_0.01) when compared with the extensive (I₄) utilisation. Fertilizing did not affect quality significantly except for CP concentration which increases with N-fertilization while NEL concentration decreases. Optimal utilisation intensity for dairy cows with annual production of 7-8 thousand kg of milk seems to be the intensive (I₁) utilisation with the level of fertilization F_PKN180 for given grass stand (plant society Arrhenatheretum). The forage from the medium intensively (I₂) utilized grassland meets quality parameters for suckler cows at the end of lactation period, the forage from less intensively and extensively (I₃, I₄) utilized grassland is suitable for cows only in the dry period in the form of hay.

A two year-experiment was carried out to study the effect of root inoculation with two biopreparations, Vambac^® (VA-mycorrhiza genus Glomus, Gigaspora and the rhizospheric bacteria Agrobacterium radiobacter) and Amalgerol^® (composed of vegetative and sea-algae oils and extracts) on leaf mineral concentration, vegetative and generative behaviour in two year old apple trees cv. 'Jonagold'/M.9. Trees were grown in 10 l plastic pots in unsterilized sandy clay soil (Fluvisols) under climatic conditions of South Moravia (49°,25' N; 16°,55' E), Czech Republic. Leaves were sampled eight times during the experiment (four times per year) for analysis of: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Cu, and Mn. Mycorrhizal infection was determined with the gridline-intersection method. Inoculated plants showed higher VA root infection during both years (best results were 46% on the first year and 41.7% on the second year) and higher leaf P concentrations, in particular when biopreparations were applied together (P = 0.23% DW), than non inoculated (4% of root infection during year one and 15% during year two; P = 0.183% DW). N, K, Ca and Mg were not significantly affected by treatments. In many cases application of biopreparations decreased Fe, Mn and Zn leaf levels. Shoot length was strongly enhanced in inoculated plants only during the first year (46% more than non inoculated). No significant differences were detected between inoculated and non inoculated plants for: trunk diameter, spur number, root volume, leaf dry weight, number of blossoms and yield. It is concluded that the studied biopreparations have the capacity to colonize and persist in the roots of apple trees (VA-mycorrhizal fungus), enhance the uptake of phosphorus and vegetative growth but they could decreased the uptake of Fe, Mn and Zn.

Sheep and goat farming is returning back into the Czech Republic (CR) because of positive effects of alternative milk consumption on human health. Especially the elements Ca and Mg are important for nutrition. Paper presents the comparison of mineral milk composition of goats (White short-haired-W, n = 60), sheep (Tsigai-C, n = 60) and cows (Holstein-H, n = 36; Czech Fleckvieh-B, n = 93). Cow milk results were considered as reference. The herds were kept at altitude 260 m (H), 360 m (B), and 572 m above sea level (W, C) with total precipitation 449, 700 and 1200 mm per year and mean air temperatures 9.6, 7.0 and 3.7 °C. Bulk milk samples (4-8 animals in sample) from the first two thirds of the lactation and the winter and summer season were investigated. Goat milk freezing point differed from other species (P < 0.001), -0.6048 for C < -0.5544 W < -0.5320 H < -0.5221 °C for B. Cow milk Ca values were comparable to former results although milk yield (MY) was higher. Along lower MY the Ca was higher (1299.6 > 1172.0 mg.kg^-1; P < 0.001) in B than H, similar trend was in Mg (122.0 > 107.4 mg.kg^-1; P 0.05) between species were in Ni and also mostly in Cu. Iodine results differed between species but not between cow breeds (P < 0.001; 462.8 H and 434.9 B > 126.0 W and 164.2 μg.l^-1 C). It could be explainable by using of I disinfection at teat treatment in cows and absence of treatment in small ruminants. Macroelements were mostly highest (Ca, P, Na, Mg) in sheep milk, with exception of K. Phosphorus values (950.1 H, 1016.9 B, 1042.6 W and 1596.7 mg.kg^-1 C) in species were linked with crude or true protein and casein values. Small ruminant milk could be good source of minerals for human nutrition, especially in the case of Ca and Mg of sheep and goat milk.

There are several metods of permanent pasture renovation. Different technologies were investigated on a pasture sward. Three seeders (Einböck seeder with the tine harrow, no-till Sulky disc seeder and SPP 8 strip seeder) and two fertilization regimes (with no fertilization and with mineral fertilization N₉₀P₃₀K₆₀ kg.ha^-1) were used to determine optimum methods of establishment and the use of oversowed pasture swards. In the first year, renovated plots had a higher DM production than control plots. The pasture oversowing had no effect on herbage production in the second production year. The fertilization had no effect in the first production year with a higher clover content in the sward. The share of clovers was higher in plots oversown with the Einböck and Sulky seeders but only in the second and third cuts of the first production year and in the third cut of the second production year. The highest content of clovers was observed in the second and third cuts. There was a positive correlation between the clover content in DM yield and herbage DM production. The oversowing did not show any effect on the grass content in the pasture sward.

Drip irrigation constitute one of the general factor by viticulture production. Their wide utilization it is possible expect in warm south exposed regions of southern Moravia. Gist is deficienty of rainfall during the vegetation (about 500 mm), which espressivo yield and qualities performance. Principal aim research design solving on constitution horticultural techniques is verify and valorize influence drip irrigation on growth vine guilty and qualities her performance in climatic and soil conditions of southern Moravia. Subsequently formulate valid findings for users of drip irrigation, which enable their efficient utilization behind contemporary reservation regular, high-quality harvest.

Reduction of amount CO₂ is possible by carbon sequestration to the soil. Fixation potential of EU-15 agricultural land is c. 16-19 mil t C.year^-1. Amount and composition of post-harvest residues is essential for carbon soil sequestration. Long-term yield series of the most planted crops (winter wheat - Triticum aestivum, spring barley - Hordeum vulgare, corn and silage maize - Zea mays, winter rape - Brassica napus, potatoes - Solanum tuberosum, sugar beet - Beta vulgaris, alfalfa - Medicago sativa, red clover - Trifolium pratense, white mustard - Sinapis alba and fiddleneck - Phacelia tanacetifolia) in various agroecological conditions and growing technologies were used for carbon balance calculation. The carbon balances were calculated for main crop rotations of maize, sugar beet, cereal and potato production regions (24 crop rotations). The calculations were realized for following planting varieties: traditional, commercial, ecological and with higher rate of winter rape. All chosen crop rotations (except seven) have positive carbon balance in the tillage system. Amount of fixed carbon might be increases about 30% by the use of no-tillage system. Least amount of carbon is fixed by potatoes, high amount by cereals, alfalfa and sugar beet. For a short time (months) the crops sequestration of carbon is relatively high (to 4.4 t.ha^-1.year^-1) or to 5.7 t.ha^-1.year^-1 for no-tillage system. From the long time viewpoint (tens of years) the data of humified carbon in arable soil (max 400 kg C.ha^-1.year^-1) are important. Maximal carbon deficit of chosen crop rotation is 725 kg C.year^-1.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the polymorphism within GHRH gene (GHRH/HaeIII) and milk production traits for Polish Holstein-Friesian using PCR-RFLP technique for genotyping. The molecular background of this mutation was defined as the A→C transversion at the intron 2. A total of 220 cows were examined. The following frequencies were established: 0.0227 for genotype AA, 0.3227 for AB, and 0.6546 for BB; 0.1841 for the allele GHRH^A and 0.8159 for GHRH^B. A highly significant association was found between the GHRH/HaeIII polymorphism and milk performance. The BB-genotype cows were characterised by a higher fat yield and percentage (P ≤ 0.01).

Milk yield varies during lactation, following what is termed a lactation curve. ŽIŽLAVSKÝ and MIKŠÍK (1988) recorded changes in milk yield within a day, too. TEPLÝ et al. (1979) a KOUŘIMSKÁ et al. (2007) published variation within a day ± 1.10 kg in milk yield, ± 0.75 % in milk fat content and ± 0.20 % in milk protein content. Milk yield of cows can be expressed in many different ways, for instance, in kilograms per lactation or in kilograms per day. A practical parameter describing milk production is milk yield (kg) per milking.
The object of experiment were 12 cows of Holstein cattle on the first lactation from the 100-day of lactation to 200-day of lactation. The samples of milk were collected from January to May 2007, once a month from the morning and evening milking (milking interval 12 h ± 15 min.). The following parameters were monitored: milk production - milk yield (kg), milk protein production (kg), milk fat production (kg); milk composition - milk protein content (%), milk fat content (%), lactose content (%), milk solids-not-fat content (%), milk total solids content (%); technological properties of milk - titratable acidity (SH), active acidity (pH), rennet coagulation time (s), quality of curd (class) and somatic cell count as a parameter of udder health.
Highly significant differences were found (P < 0.01) between morning milk yield (15.7 kg) and evening milk yield (13.8 kg), between morning milk protein production (0.51 kg) and evening milk protein production (0.45 kg) and between evening milk fat content (4.41 %) and morning milk fat content (3.95 %). A significant difference (P < 0.05) was found between morning milk total solids content (12.62 %) and evening milk total solids content (12.07 %). No significant differences were found between morning (M) and evening (E) values of the remaining parameters: milk fat production (M 0.62 kg; E 0.60 kg), milk protein content (M 3.24 %; E 3.27 %), milk lactose content (M 4.78 %; E 4.86 %), milk solids-not-fat content (M 7.69 %; E 7.71 %), somatic cell count (M 80 000/1 mL; E 101 000/1 mL), titratable acidity (M 7.75 SH; E 7.64 SH), active acidity (M pH 6.58; E pH 6.61), rennet coagulation time (M 189 s.; E 191 s.), quality of curd (M 1.60 class; E 1.57 class).

The effect of known CSN3, Pit-1 and LGB genes single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) on milk performance traits (milk yield, protein, fat and lactose content, count of somatic cells) at the Czech Fleckvieh and the Holstein cattle breed was estimated. For more exact results, tested cows of each breed came from one source, and were selected into two groups according to their lactation. We tested around 100 animals at the first and 25 at the high (more than five) lactation of both breeds. Our attention was aimed particularly on combined genotypes of favourable alleles. We confirmed the positive tendention of the cheese yield valuable CSN3/BB with Pit-1/AA combined genotype for high milk production. By estimation of single gene effect, we found out significant association (P ≤ 0.01) between milk yield (kg) and Pit-1 genotypes at Holstein cows with the high lactation. This dependence was observed at the Czech Fleckvieh breed too, even it didn't get conclusive value. Among all tested individuals, CSN3 genotypes significantly influenced milk yield (AA > BB, P ≤ 0.01), milk fat (BB > AA, P ≤ 0.01) and protein content (BB > AA, P ≤ 0.01). The genotypes AB and BB of the LGB gene at Holstein cows were joined with higher milk yield in selected cattle groups opposite to AA genotype (P ≤ 0.01, P ≤ 0.05). The influence of LGB on the somatic cell count in created cattle groups was not confirmed. Estimation of allele and genotype frequency according to lactation stage didn't reveal higher differences at non of tested genes in both breeds.

Aim of the study focused on evaluation of SUBSTOR - Potato model and its utilization in potato grows management in the Czech Republic. The experimental field used for the model evaluation was located in Žabčice - South Moravia region with altitudes of 179 meters above the sea level. Tuber yield served as reference for the model evaluation. Nine years experimental data set (1994-2002) was used for the model validation. Rosara cultivar represented very early growing potato, Karin cultivar depicted early growing potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in the experiment. Comparison between observed and simulated tuber yields presented the evaluation process of SUBSTOR - Potato model. Tuber yields simulated by the model showed excellent accuracy (R² = 0.97) for Rosara cultivar, but only for four of tested years (1997, 1998, 1999 and 2002). Karin cultivar matched lower value (R² = 0.43). The model tended to underestimate the tuber yield for non seasonable conditions (i.e. dry years - low amount of precipitation and its disordered distribution during the growing season or higher mean air temperature) and showed the sensitivity to selected cultivars. Study proved SUBSTOR - Potato model as suitable for utilization in potato management; however, potential differences might be expected while using the model under extreme weather conditions.

The paper presents findings obtained in the exact evaluation of an average level and its predicative possibility, dynamics and the trend of indicators of an aggregate agricultural account as a fundamental methodological tool for measuring the economic size and effectiveness of agricultural basic industries within the national economy of the Czech Republic and a defined reference period. The basic part of the analysis consists of aggregates of the production of an agricultural period, intermediate consumption and gross added value and net added value produced by all agricultural units after deduction the consumption of fixed capital. Parameters of applied models of developmental tendencies of studied events for the assessed time period were used in their short-term extrapolation forecast.

The aim of this study was an evaluation of allele and genotype frequencies of Milkprotein kappa casein (CSN3) in bulls offred by breeding companies (n = 287) and of a real proportion of these fathers (genotypes) in a population of Czech Fleckvieh cows (n = 27 970) born between 1994 and 2004. An average frequencies of genotypes of the offered fathers and their real proportion in a population of cows was in 1994-2004: AA = 0.3902; 0.4572; AB = 0.4774; 0.3993; AE = 0.007; 0.0004; BB = 0.115; 0.1394 and BE = 0.0105; 0.0036. EE genotype was not found. An average frequency of allele was A = 0.6324; 0.6571; B = 0.3589; 0.3409 and E = 0.0087; 0.002.
The set of observed cows (27 970 head) shows a significant predominance of using fathers with AA and AB genotypes of milkprotein kappa-casein. A frequencies of these two genotypes varied between 0.7885 and 0.9836 in the observed years. A difference between genotype frequencies of CSN3 (AA, AB and BB) in offered bulls and their real proportion in the population of cows was not significant only in years 1995, 1996, 1998, 2002 and 2003. In the rest of the years (1994, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2004) and also in average of all years the difference was significant or highly significant.
In none of the observed years (1994-2004) were the absolute frequencies of genotypes of the cows' fathers in genetic equilibrium. Genotype frequencies of milkprotein kappa-casein of the offered bulls and their real proportion in the population of cows show, in most of the years, significant or highly significant differences. A variability of heterozygosity in 1994 - 2004 was very high, between 14.03 % and 85.68 %. Gene diversity varied between 34.9 %-49.59 %.
PIC value varied between 0.2882-0.3767 in 1994-2004 and its average in all the observed years was 0.3516.
When counting allele and genotype frequencies in a population with a different intensity of use of several bulls it is important not only to analyze a particular genotype of the father but also his share of influence in the population of cows.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the change of temperament of Holstein cows scored before and during milking during the entire lactation and to calculate correlation between temperament measured in the two moments as well as milk production traits and temperament. Observations were carried out on 17 primiparous Holstein Friesian cows starting their lactation within 85 days. Measurements of temperament and milk production traits were taken once in each month of the lactation, during the morning milking, in a milking parlour. Temperament was assessed in a 5-point scale during udder preparation and milking procedure (1: very nervous, 5: very quiet). Data of milk yield and milk flow were collected individually on each test day morning. Results showed changes during the lactation in temperament of cows scored directly before milking (P < 0.01), however, temperament during milking did not alter with months (P > 0.10). By correlation coefficients, behaviour assessed in the two moments cannot be regarded as the same. In addition loose, significant relations were found only between milk traits and temperament before milking.

Resistance to lime-induced chlorosis is very important characteristic of grapevine rootstocks. Lime-induced chlorosis influence yield and quality of grapes. Evaluation of chlorosis resistance is very important for grape growing and breeding. The aim of this work is provide results of evaluation grapevine rootstocks to chlorosis. High resistance was show in Fercal. From the viewpoint of the resistance to chlorosis, the rootstocks registered in the State Variety Book of the Czech Republic can be ranked from the most resistant to the most sensitive as follows: Craciunel 2 - SO 4 - Kober 125 AA - Kober 5 BB - Teleki 5 C - Amos - LE-K-1.