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The yield of sugar beet is directly affected by LAI (leaf area index) and values of LAD (leaf area duration). The integral leaf area plays, except for other factors, an important role during the damage or reduction of leaf apparatus. There are many sources of leaf damage: natural disasters (hailstorm), diseases, pests (including game browsing) etc. The intensity of the root production and quality differs in relation to the growth stage of the damage plant. The aim of this study was to evaluate the extent of losses in the root yield and the quality of sugar beet upon gradual reduction of the leaf area. Two diploid varieties Monza and Compact were used in the small-plot trials conducted in years 2004 to 2006 (in the experimental station Žabčice - maize production region, zone K2, average altitude 184 m, soil type was classified as gley fluvisoil, soil is medium heavy to heavy, clay-loam to loam type). The leaf area was manually reduced by 25% and 50% at BBCH 18-19 growth phase (8-9 leaves unfolded). The results were statistically evaluated by analysis of variance and testing by Tukey test (at the significance level α = 5%). Reduction of the leaf area was reflected on the decrease of the root yield by 1 to 10% depending on the year of harvest. In addition, the stressful state of the plants after defoliation resulted in the decrease of the yield of polarization sugar per hectare, namely by 0.45 to 1.66 t.ha^-1. In 2005, the leaf area reduction caused a rise of the α-amino nitrogen content. The rise in the potassium and sodium cations content caused by the leaf area reduction also increased the sugar content in the treacle (by 0.1 to 0.16%). The increasing leaf area reduction lead to decreasing of yield of polarization sugar. However, this descent was statistically significant in harvest year 2006 only.

The aim of this research was to assess the implications of sheep grazing for the nutritional value of the vegetation in the Mohelno Serpentine Steppe National Nature Reserve (NNR). A free pasture controlled by an electric fence was practised from 1997 to 1998. The German Merino sheep were grazing on an area of 4.25 and 6 ha with a pasture load of 6.8-9.4 sheep per 1 ha in 1997 and 6.7-8.7 sheep per 1 ha in 1998. The steppe vegetation samples were collected from five different sites reflecting the phytocenological composition typical of the individual steppe areas. The vegetation samples were collected on an area of 3×1 m² during the growing season at two-week intervals. The collected samples were tested for the amount of dry matter, fibre, nitrogenous substances, fat, ash, nitrogen-free extractive substances (NFES), gross energy (GE), metabolic energy (ME), lactation net energy (LNE), fattening net energy (FNE), PDIN and PDIE (PDI - referring to the factually digestible nitrogenous substances in the small intestine of the ruminants). During pasture there was a decrease in the dry matter levels but its average levels remained high (35.45-46.78%). The effect on the nitrogenous levels became apparent (P < 0.05) mainly in the second year of grazing (10.00-10.94% compared to 11.64-19.35% in the vegetation dry matter). However, in comparison with the pasture vegetation the effect remained less significant. A similar situation was observed in relation to the fluctuation of PDIN and PDIE (64.60-70.71 compared to 75.18-124.98 g/kg of the dry matter and 79.03-82.71 compared to 89.41-29.27 g/kg of the dry matter respectively). The fat levels (3.80-4.02%) were not affected by the site (P < 0.05) but the specific utilization. The grazing brought about a marked increase in the fat levels (P < 0.001). The amount of the fibre during the first year was affected only in terms of its decreased site variability (29.60-31.31%). The conclusive evidence (P < 0.05) of the decrease did not appear until the second year of grazing (21.76-27.88%). In the course of the pasture the ash levels identified in the dry matter were fluctuating between 8.74-10.19% depending on the site conditions and the form of utilization. Considerably high levels (P < 0.05) were recorded on more intensely grazed areas. NFES levels in the step areas (45.16-47.26%) were steady both in terms of the site conditions and the form of utilization.
The energy levels did not reflect the site variability. The ME, LNE and FNE levels (9.39-9.79; 5.52-5.80 and 5.34-5.69 MJ per kg of the dry matter respectively) were affected by the form of utilization. During the pasture the site variability of the energy levels decreased. There was also a substantial increase in the amount of energy established in the dry matter, which rose to the levels usual for pasture vegetation.

The general aim of the present work was to compare dairy performance and some reproductive parameters of Holstein-Friesian (HF) cows imported from Sweden as an in-calf heifers, and their age mates in Poland. The animals were kept freely on the deep litter on the farm owned by Agro-company "Witkowo" and feeding was based on TMR (total mixed ration) system during whole year. All ration's ingredients (bulky feed, concentrate, miscellaneous additives) were mixed and fed as all-mash. The feed ration depended from the physiological condition of a cow and it was composed of corn and grass ensilage, mash concentrate, crushed corn meal, brewer's grains and beet pulp.
Cows imported from Sweden as in-calf heifers obtained higher milk, fat and protein yield in both lactations comparing to home cows. Significant statistical differences were observed for kg of milk, kg of protein, for FCM (P

In the present study was estimate the genetic diversity and relationships among nine horses breeds in Czech and Slovak Republic.
In conclusion, the main objective of study was to show the level of genetic distance among the horse breeds with different history of breeding of each country. Furthermore, it should be clarified whether these populations and subpopulations are distinct enough from each other to justify defining separate breeds. This research concerns the variability of microsatellite markers in genotypes of horse.
We compared the genetic diversity and distance among nine horse breeds Czech and Slovak Warmblood both of Czech origin, Slovak Warmblood of Slovak origin, Hucul, Hafling, Furioso, Noriker, Silesian Noriker and Bohemian-Moravian Belgian Horse.
In total, 932 animals were genotyped for 17 microsatellites markers (AHT4, AHT5, ASB2, HMS3, HMS6, HMS7, HTG4, HTG10, VHL20, HTG6, HMS2, HTG7, ASB17, ASB23, CA425, HMS1, LEX3) recommended by the International Society of Animal Genetics.
In the different population size, the allele frequencies, observed and expected heterozygosity, test for deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and Polymorphism information content have been calculated for each breed. We analyzed genetic distance and diversity among them on the base of the dataset of highly polymorphic set of microsatellites representing all autozomes using set of PowerMarker v3.25 analysis tools and Structure 2.2. programme for results comparison.

Essential part of raw milk component measurement is indirect infraanalyse. The checking of time measurement stability is important there. The preparation of pilot samples was described. Information about deep frozen milk pilot sample stability are sporadic. Aim of this work was to verify the stability of long-term stored and deep frozen pilot samples (FPSs). Pilot samples were frozen in liquid nitrogen bath -196 °C and after that stored at -21 °C for one month (A) and more months (B) till analyse. The pilot samples were measured by CombiFoss 6000: fat F (%); protein CP (%); lactose L (%); casein C (%); solid non fat SNF (%); urea U (mg/100ml); somatic cell count SCC (ths./ml). In the short-term (A) experiment the impact of freezing on pilot milk samples was relatively small, in the framework of acceptable value of repeatability (±0.02 %) for components. The stability of values of FPSs was better according to standard deviations for important F evaluation in H (Holstein) breed samples. The repeatability of values of FPSs in the time was very good for other components. The repeatability was better for SCC in J (Jersey) breed samples (±16.5 thousands/ml). That is why the higher variability (±30.1 thousands/ml) in H sample is visible less sceptically. The apparent result trends were not observable in the repeatability development of important milk indicators in FPSs. The mild trend was only in CP, but this trend covered absolutely very small shift (variation range). There are only oscillations, which are similar between J and H samples. It is possible to attribute these oscillations rather to instrument effects than to sample effects. The oscilations were markedly higher in the long-term (B) experiment. Between J and H samples the oscilations were very similar in curves F and L. It is also possible to attribute them more to instrumental effects. The repeatability values (standard deviations sd) of FPSs were mostly lower than ±0.06 %. It is acceptable for result agreement between indirect and reference method. Relevant sd varied from ±0.025 % for L to ±0.059 % for F (in J breed) with exception CP ±0.085 % in J sample. Also B procedure was shown as applicable for instrumental sability control in half year period. In practice the one reference value for concrete FPS is valid from one to next calibration. Persistent trend in repeatability of FPSs can indicate an inadequate instrumental drift. The applied FPS procedure is usable for stability control of instrumental measurement in milk laboratories.

Demographic evolution in the Czech Republic is not spatially homogeneous but displays regional differences. In the set of 14 regions of the Czech Republic, numerical characteristics showing level, variability, skewness and kurtosis for 30 demographic indicators from the year 2006 are calculated and evaluated. Frequency counts for some of these have been shown using histograms. On the basis of factor analysis, five representative indicators were chosen and assigned weights, with the ranks of regions determined by normalized values. The best position was obtained by the City of Prague and Středočeský Region, with last position occupied by the Zlín Region.

The work deals with the possibility of improvement of qualitative and quantitative parameters of caraway (Carum carvi L.). The yield of the achenes is not satisfactory during last years and qualitative demands are clarify in correspondence to the market. The possibilities of this variation can be found in growing technology and in variety spectrum. The influence of weather is inconsiderable. Therefore, the experiments with three varieties were found (PROCHAN, KEPRON and REKORD). They were cultivated in cover crop and as pure growth on three sites. The yield components were evaluated in all variants: the yield of the achenes from m², HTS (the weight of thousand seeds in g), the essential oil content in % and essential oil yield in kg.ha^-1. On the basis of the results from the experiments we can make following conclusions. The highest yield was recorded in Šumperk site with cover crop. The varieties did not affect the yield. HTS was different on the sites, the highest HTS had the achenes from Telč. The differences were determined between vegetative periods. Also the essential oil content, similarly as the HTS, was influenced by the vegetative period and by the site. The essential oil yield corresponded with the essential oil content and with the yield of the achenes. The vegetative period almost always affected yield and the quality of caraway fundamentally. There were no differences among the varieties for all studied traits.

Fluorescence chlorofylu je druh radiace o vlnové délce přibližně 685 nm, která je přirozeně vyzařována rostlinami jako nevyužitá část energie absorbované ze slunečního světla. Její intenzita závisí na mnoha faktorech, jako je stres, výživa, počasí atd. Metody založené na měření fluorescence chlorofylu mají potenciál stát se využitelné pro hodnocení účinnosti herbicidů, fytotoxicity nebo rostlinného stresu. Mouget a Tremblin (2002) uvádějí, že je to metoda nedestruktivní, neinvazivní, rychlá a zároveň velmi citlivá. Používá se ve velké míře k časné detekci abiotického i biotického stresu (vysoká teplota, mráz, sucho, nedostatek živin, infekce, působení herbicidů aj.) (Oukarroum et al., 2007 i Tóth et al., 2007 i Christen et al., 2007) nebo pro hodnocení aktivity antioxidantů či tolerance plodin k chladu (Janda et al., 2005). Současné metody jsou založeny především na subjektivním hodnocení ošetřených rostlin lidskými smysly, což může způsobit určité nepřesnosti.
Dva přístroje pro měření fluorescence chlorofylu byly použity pro měření (FluorCam a ruční přístroj FluorPen) v laboratorních pokusech z let 2007-2009. Herbicid Basagran Super s účinnou látkou bentazon byl testován a hodnocen oběma přístroji pomocí parametru 'kvantový výtěžek fluorescence' (QY), a to ve třech různých dávkách. Plná registrovaná dávka 2,0 l.ha-1 (100%), 1,5 l.ha-1 (75%) a 1,0 l.ha-1 (50%). Ošetřené pokusné rostliny laskavce ohnutého (Amaranthus retroflexus) byly měřeny pomocí obou přístrojů v 0, 1, 2, 3, 6, 9 a 15 dní po aplikaci herbicidu (DAT) a výsledky byly porovnány se subjektivní hodnocením a růstovými parametry.
Získané výsledky ukázaly, že vliv bentazonu jsou schopny změřit oba přístroje a hodnoty byly statisticky průkazně odlišné od kontroly. Pomocí měření QY můžeme také zaznamenat účinek herbicidu dříve než jakýmkoli jiným růstovým parametrem či subjektivním hodnocením (u obou přístrojů a všech dávek), a to již ve stejný den, kdy byla provedena aplikace. Hodnocení jednotlivých dávek bentazonu měřením QY přístrojem FluorCam ukázalo statisticky průkazné rozdíly po 15 dnech od aplikace pro plnou dávku (2,0 l.ha-1) ve srovnání s dávkami 1,5 l.ha-1 (75%) a 1,0 l.ha-1 (50%). Pro subjektivní hodnocení byly zjištěny statisticky průkazné rozdíly 100% dávky od kontroly ve všech termínech měření (1-15 dnů po aplikaci), s výjimkou dne provedení aplikace. Regenerace rostlin byla pozorována u všech dávek v důsledku nedostatečného zasažení především mladých vyrůstajících listů. K tomuto jevu došlo šest dní po aplikaci u dávky 2,0 l. l.ha-1 (100%) a devět dní u dávek 1,5 l.ha-1 (75%) a 1,0 l.ha-1 (50%). Rozdíl hodnot QY použitých přístrojů byl v průměru 0,070 pro kontrolu, 0,166 pro dávku 2,0 l.ha-1 (100%) a 0,119 pro všechny naměřené hodnoty (průměrné hodnoty QY byly vyšší u přístroje FluorCam). Tyto rozdíly však byly statisticky neprůkazné.