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The aim of this study was to evaluate the muscle fibre diameter of bulls (n = 136), heifers (n = 38) and steers (n = 18). The influence of age at slaughter, weight at slaughter, net daily weight gain, SEUROP meatiness and SEUROP fatness on the muscle fibre diameter was observed. The group of animals included Czech Red Pied and its crossbreeds (F₁) with the specialized meat breeds (Charolais and Galloway), further crossbreeds of hybrid bulls. Bulls were slaughtered at an average age of 587 days and average weight of 610 kg. The average age of heifers was 644 days and average weight at slaughter was 550 kg. The highest average age was that of steers (689 days) and they were fattened to the average weight of 610 kg. The sample of musculus longissimus lumborum et thoracis (m.l.th.) was used for the analyses. The results showed that the muscle fibres were stronger in diameter in the negatively selected (culled) heifers (p > 0.01) as compared to the category of bulls and steers. Apart from sex we also analysed the effect of age at slaughter of the individual animal categories on the fibre diameter. We discovered that the diameter of the fibre increased with age. The fibre diameter of bulls of up to 530 days of age was 37.86 µm and at the age of more than 601 days it was 39.81 µm. The diameter of the muscle fibres was also affected by the pre-slaughter weight. At lower weights the fibres of all categories of cattle were finer. Of growth factors affecting the fibre diameter we selected the net weight gain which is the general indicator of the life-long growth intensity and carcass yield. The fibre diameter in bulls and steers increased insignificantly (p > 0.05) with increasing net weight gains. We also analysed the effect of the SEUROP classification of cattle carcasses and discovered a stronger correlation between the diameter of muscle fibres and meatiness compared to the classification of fatness of the carcasses.

The objective of the present study was to explore the polymorphism of microsatellite markers localised on chromosomes 3H and 7H in 15 genotypes of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), spring form (2n = 2x = 14 chromosomes, genome H^VH^V) from the collection of genetic resources of the Agricultural Research Institute Kroměříž, Ltd. showing various degrees of susceptibility to Rhynchosporium secalis. The selection of SSR markers was based on hitherto achieved knowledge according to which the greatest amount of resistance genes against Rhynchosporium secalis is localised on chromosomes 3H and 7H of barley. We selected 33 SSR markers for the analyses; 17 were localised on chromosome 3H of barley and 16 on chromosome 7H. Out of the total 33 SSR markers, 32 were polymorphous and one marker (Bmac0282) was monomorphic. In total we detected 172 alleles ranging between 101 and 235 bp; the average number of alleles per locus was 5.21. In terms of the polymorphism of the SSR markers localised on chromosomes 3H and 7H the highest polymorphism (60%) was detected in the Bmag0006 and Bmag0021 SSR markers; the lowest in the Bmag0877 and EBmac0713 markers, i.e. 20% and 13.3%, respectively. The average polymorphism based on analyses of 17 SSR markers on chromosome 3H was 37.6% and of 16 SSR markers on chromosome 7H was 31.3%. We also calculated the statistical indicators of the variability rate characteristics of the individual microsatellite markers: diversity index (DI) which ranged between 0.000 and 0.907 (on average 0.704); polymorphous information content (PIC) ranging between 0.000 and 0.906 (on average 0.679); and probability identity (PI) ranging between 0.006 and 1.000 (on average 0.137). On the basis of constructed dendrograms for SSR markers of both chromosomes together it was possible to divide the analysed set into cluster I of genotypes resistant and cluster II of genotypes susceptible and moderately susceptible to Rhynchosporium secalis, and was not possible in dendrograms of individual chromosomes.

From 1999 to 2004 the occurence of fungi: Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides (Fron.) and Fusarium spp. was evaluated in small plot field trials on seven varieties of winter wheat. The efficacy of fungicide protection against stem base diseases and influence on yields was monitored in field conditions in Velká Bystřice near Olomouc.
For diagnostic of casual fungi two methods were used: 1. Method of coloring mycelium in stems, 2. Method of cultivation of mycelim on agar.
Results from detection of casual fungi are following: Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides (Fron.), Fusarium culmorum (W. G. Sm.) Sacc. and Fusarium graminearum Schwabe.
For high efficacy of protection against roots and stem base disease the following fungicide variants should be applied: Sportak Alpha 1.5 l.ha^-1 (BBCH 30)/Cerelux Plus 0.7 l.ha^-1 (BBCH 51), Sportak HF 1 l.ha^-1 (BBCH 30)/Cerelux Plus 0.7 l.ha^-1, Alert S 1.0 l.ha^-1 (BBCH 30/Cerelux Plus 0.7 l.ha^-1 (BBCH 51). The application of fungicides positively influenced yields. Yield increased at average by10-20 % after the aplication but the rise in yields was not in total correlation with the efficacy. These results can be possibly used in the system of integral control of winter wheat against stem base disease in wheat.

Milk freezing point (MFP) is important quality indicator. Aim was to analyse the relationships of MFP to selected udder health milk indicators (MIs) by comparison between cows (reference), goats and sheep. Bulk milk samples came from 3 herds of Czech Fleckvieh (B, n 93) and 1 goat herd and sheep flock (White short-haired, W, n 60; Tsigai, C, n 60). Animal nutrition was performed under the typical country conditions. MIs which were investigated: DM, dry matter; SNF, solid non fat; L, lactose (all in %); SCC, somatic cell count (10³ ml^-1); EC, electrical conductivity (mS cm^-1); MFP (°C); Na and K (in mg kg^-1). W MFP was -0.5544 ± 0.0293, B -0.5221 ± 0.0043 and C -0.6048 ± 0.0691 °C. The B MFP was related to L (-0.36; P < 0.01), W was not related to L (-0.07; P > 0.05) and C was related to L (0.40; P < 0.01). These facts could be explainable by worse SCC geometric averages for used W (3,646 10³ ml^-1) and C (560 10³ ml^-1) milk as compared to B (159 10³ ml^-1). Only 0.5 and 10.5% of variations in MFP were explainable by variations in DM and SNF in B, 32.7 and 12.8% in W but already 49.4 and 45.0% in C. Higher C values were caused by high MFP variability, 11.8% (C) versus 0.8% (B). There is possible to derive the more reliable MFP qualitative limits for more efficient monitoring rules of milk quality problems in B, W and C.

Experiments were conducted in field plots to evaluate the effects of three alternative dried organic, or organomineral, fertilizers on yield and quality of the early maturing cauliflower variety, 'Gameta'. Plots were established in Žabčice (South Moravia, Czech Republic) in 2005-2007. We used the following fertilization treatments: Agormin T, Agro, Dvorecký agroferm, cattle farmyard manure and solo mineral fertilizers, compared to an unfertilized control. All plots, except the control, were fertilized to achieve the same level of nutrients, as determined by the soil analyses and the chosen target yield. We assessed the following traits at harvest: weight of above-ground mass, marketable yield, head weight and head diameter. Levels of ascorbic acid, nitrates, dry matter and mineral ions (potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium) were measured in the heads. Agormin T significantly increased the weight of above-ground mass and total marketable yield. All organic fertilizers significantly increased head weight and head diameter in comparison to both the unfertilized control and mineral fertilizers. Ascorbic acid levels were not significantly affected by the fertilizers. The highest value of ascorbic acid was observed for farmyard manure, the lowest for Dvorecký agroferm. Dried fertilizers had no positive effect on ascorbic acid levels and total solids, as compared to farmyard manure. In contrast, Agormin T resulted in significantly lower levels of dry matter. Solo mineral fertilization resulted in the highest levels of nitrates in cauliflower heads. Fertilization with Agro and farmyard manure significantly increased the levels of nitrates in heads, as compared to the control, but all values were under the hygienic limit. The different fertilizer treatments did not have any significant effects on the levels of mineral cations. The dried granulated fertilizers Agormin T, Agro and Dvorecký agroferm were shown to be good alternatives to bulky farmyard manure for early ripening cauliflower. Only Agormin T decreased the dry matter content in heads.

Studies on the effect of ashes on maize were conducted as a pot experiment on mineral soil, to which between 13.33 and 800.0 g ash∙pot^-1 was added, corresponding to the doses of between 10 and 600 t∙ha^-1. The research aimed to learn the effect of diversified ash doses on the content, uptake and proportions between Fe, Co, Mn, Al and Si in maize. It was found that with increasing ash dose in soil were significantly increasing the concentration of Fe and Si in plants (Fe: 110.15-209.96 mg.kg^-1 d.m.; Si: 40.60-76.10 mg.kg^-1), whereas concentrations of Co, Mn and Al in maize were decreasing (Co: 0.30-0.11 mg.kg^-1 d.m.; Mn: 207.83-44.65 mg.kg^-1; Al: 300.09-179.80 mg.kg^-1 d.m). Higher contents of the studied elements were detected in maize roots than in its aboveground parts. Obtained yield of maize aboveground parts from the objects where solely ash was used as the substratum was characterized by the optimal content of Fe (104.61 mg.kg^-1 d.m.), but deficient concentration of Mn (29.69 mg.kg^-1 d.m.) and Co (0.01 mg.kg^-1 d.m.). In effect of growing ash doses in soil Fe:Co, Fe:Mn, Fe:Al and Mn:Co ratios were widening, whereas Fe:Si, Mn:Al, Mn:Si and Al:Si ratios were narrowing. Growing ash doses in soil influenced a decreased uptake of Co, Mn and Al and increased Si absorption by maize.

Variability of ring width, wood density and swelling in beech from two different areas was analysed. The variability of each property was described along the stem radius. The analysis proved that the ring width decreased in direction from the pith to the outer part of the stem (cambium). Statistically significant difference of mean ring width between locality 1 and 2 was not found. Density and volumetric swelling of wood were statistically significantly different between localities. Results showed that the density and volumetric swelling decreased from pith to cambium. Statistically significant dependency between density and volumetric swelling of wood was proved. The average wood density of beech was 752 kg.m^-3 at 12% moisture content.