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In model experiment, an influence of increasing KCl doses on spring barley growth, accumulation of main mineral nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Na) in main stalks, offshoots and roots and on yield formation and its structure was observed. Increase of weight of above-ground parts of plants was inhibited only at the beginning of experiment by increasing KCl doses, particularly, significantly lower growth of offshoots, but on the other hand production of dry weight of roots was negatively influenced during whole cultivation. Accumulation of main mineral nutrients in the plants was mostly influenced at potassium. Uptake of potassium by plant increased up to 37%. Yield of kernels was higher at variants with application of KCl but the correlation between higher K doses and the yield increase has not been statistically proved. Increase in the yield was reached by higher number of offshoots, higher number of kernels and higher weight of kernels in comparison with control. Content of main mineral nutrients in kernel was not influenced by application of KCl, but potassium content in straw was significantly increased.

The effect of fermented pig manure processed on a bed of wooden shavings and fermented for seven days by larvae of house flies on the yield parameters of sunflowers have been investigated on Haplic Luvisol in the pot trial realized in vegetative cage placed on the territory of SAU in Nitra. The experiment consisted of six treatments (0, NPK, Manure₁, Manure₂, Manure₃, Veget). Treatments 0, NPK, and Veget were compared with the treatments Manure₁, Manure₂, and Manure₃, i.e. with fermented manure applied at doses of 4, 6, and 8 t.ha^-1.
The results showed that application of fermented manure resulted in statistically significant greater stem thickness, higher leaf chlorophyll content, composites and harvest yield of seeds. The plants appeared healthy. Increasing the doses of fermented manure resulted in greater harvest yield of achenes and fat content in them. The dose of 4 t.ha^-1 of fermented manure has proven to be insufficient.
Out of the tested doses of 4, 6 and 8 t.ha^-1 of fermented manure the highest achene yield has been achieved at the dose of 8 t.ha^-1 but it was lower than the yield of the treatments fertilized by NPK fertilizers or Veget. From the viewpoint of achene yield quality (fat content) out of six variants the best parameters were achieved with the treatment where fermented manure at the dose of 8 t.ha^-1 was applied.
The gathered data point towards the applicability and usefulness of manure processed by larvae of flies in agronomy. It is of note, that the manure fermentation period can be significantly shortened, whereby reducing the storage difficulties.

The paper is aimed at the field of the microscopic structure of wood dealing with the description of the most important anatomic element in softwood - tracheids in a stem with the occurrence of reaction wood. Significant changes of tracheids were found along the height and radius of a stem. There were statistically significant differences between particular annual rings (variability along the stem radius). The height of a stem was also statistically significant. On the basis of the results obtained 3D models were created (for zones compression wood, opposite wood and site wood; models for radial dimension an early-wood tracheid and late-wood tracheid) depicting changes in transverse dimensions of the spruce tracheid in relation to its position in a stem. Structure of ring with compression wood was studied too. It was observed that the ring with occurrence of compression wood has a following structure: early wood tracheids at the beginning of the growing season, transitional tracheids, compression tracheids and at the end of an annual ring typical late wood tracheids. The rings with compression wood show more tracheids as compared with annual rings from the opposite side.

In the years 1999 to 2001 in conditions of small-plot field experiments was carried out on loamy degraded chernozems at the Plant Breeding Station of Sládkovičovo-Nový Dvor to solve the problems of topdressing winter wheat (Triticum aestivum, L.), variety Astella, with different forms of nitrogenous fertilizers. Nitrogenous fertilizers were applied at the growth phase of the 6th leaf (Zadoks = 29). Four various forms of fertilizers were exemined: urea solution, DAM-390, DAM-390 + Dumag, DASA. Different weather conditions statistically highly significantly influenced grain yield in respective experimental years. Topdressing with nitrogen (30 kg N.ha^-1) caused statistically highly significant increase of grain yield in all fertilized variants ranging from +0.29 t.ha^-1 (applied of DAM-390) to +0.69 t.ha^-1 (applied of DASA) according to respective treatments. Average grain yield in unfertilized control variant represented 7.23 t.ha^-1. Nitrogen nutrition showed positive effect on the main macroelements offtake (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S) by winter wheat grain in all fertilized variants. Nitrogen fertilizing positively influenced formation of wet gluten and crude protein with highest increment in variant with DASA and variant with DAM-390 + Dumag.

The research was executed on 24 high yield dairy cows divided into three groups (n = 8). There was the control group (I) that the propylene glycol wasn't given to cows, group II - the cows received 250 ml/day/per head of the propylene glycol, and the group III ─ the cows received 500 ml/day per head of the propylene glycol. The preparation was administered to cows per os beginning from 2 weeks before parturition to the end of the third week of lactation. During the research the condition of animals was estimated by BCS method, the daily yield was recorded, and analyses of the milk and colostrum composition were performed. The propylene glycol lightened the decrease of cows' condition during entering at the peak of lactation. The higher dose (500 ml) was more profitable, because it had an influence on the content of the colostrum components, low urea level in milk as well as on daily yield, which was higher of about 3.64 kg while the preparation was given, in comparison to the control group. In the 3^rd week of lactation the low level of somatic cells in milk of cows that received the preparation was stated. In conclusion, our study revealed a great positive effect of propylene glycol given to the cows shortly before and after parturition on their body condition and a less significant effect on colostrum quality and milk yield.

Caraway has very low competitive ability against most of weed species. Therefore, it is important to choose a suitable herbicide control, especially at biennial caraway. The experiments with the herbicides applied in caraway were found in pure growth, with variety Kepron (with standard length of vegetative period). The aim of the trials was to find out the differences at achenes yiled and essential oil content after the treatment by the various herbicides, applied preemergently. Also, the selective activity of individual herbicides was tested, including the different doses. The herbicides used in the experiments had enough level of selektivity on the plants of caraway. They had a positive effect on the yiled comparing to non-treated control variant in all observed years. There was no statistically significant difference in essential oil kontent between the treated variants and non-treated control. On the basis of these results, the most suitable herbicide was chosen for the "minor" registration for caraway.

Three methods of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) breeding for forage yield in two harvest years on locations in Bredelokke (Denmark), Hladké Životice (Czech Republic) and Les Alleuds (France) were compared.
Three types of 46 candivars¹, developed by A₎ recurrent selection in subsequent generations (37 candivars, divided into early and late group), B₎ polycross progenies (4 candivars) and C₎ geno-phenotypic selection (5 candivars) were compared. The trials were sown in 2005 and cut three times in 2006 and 2007; their evaluation is based primarily on total yield of dry matter. The candivars developed by polycross and geno-phenotypic selections gave significantly higher yields than candivars from the recurrent selection. However, the candivars developed by the methods B and C did not differ significantly. The candivars developed by these progressive methods were suitable for higher yielding and drier environment in Hladké Životice (where was the highest yield level even if averaged annual precipitation were lower by 73 and 113 mm in comparison to other locations, respectively); here was average yield higher by 19 and 13% for B and C in comparison to A method. Highly significant interaction of the candivars with locations was found. It can be concluded that varieties specifically aimed to different locations by the methods B and C should be bred; also the parental entries should be selected there.

The aim of the work was to determine a potential decrease in yields and a risk of cultivation of field cucumber of pickling varieties in Poland caused by the delay of the dates: flowering, fruit setting and harvesting. In order to carry out this task the following phenological dates from whole Poland were used: emergence, flowering and fruit setting and also the agrotechnical dates: sowing and harvesting from 28 experimental stations of the Research Centre for Cultivar Testing (COBORU) through 1966-2005. On the basis of linear regression analysis the relation between the yield of field cucumber and the analysed agrotechnical and phenological dates was determined, taking into account the trend of the yield from 1966-2005. Moreover, a potential decrease in the yield caused by the delay of phenophases was calculated for both the whole country and for its particular regions. The measure of matching of the regression function to empirical data was the determination coefficient and the regression equation error. Moreover, to determine the share of each of the selected factors in the prediction of cucumber yield partial correlation analysis was used. The obtained results may be used, among other things, in the meteorological protection of agriculture and improvement of new technologies of cucumber field cultivation.

Casein measurement is important for cheesemaking and control of dairy cow nutrition. Reference Kjeldahl method is not suitable for routine purposes. Infra-red spectroscopy MIR and MIR-FT use can be a solutin. However, their casein specifity is relatively limited. Aim of the work was to assess the quality of performed calibrations for validation of calibration parameters. A retrospective analysis of MIR and MIR-FT calibrations was performed for estimation of limits their suitable parameters. Mean casein values of reference sample sets varied from 2.49 to 2.7% (2.61 ± 0.155). Mean variation range was 0.561 ± 0.164%. The mean correlation coefficient of calibration (KKK) was 0.974 ± 0.018 (P < 0.001). The mean standard deviation of mean for individual differences (SDID) was 0.03 ± 0.011% (from 0.01 to 0.08). MIR-FT results were slightly better both for calibration and for proficiency testing. The high and low KKKs were higher in the case of accepted calibration as in proficiency testing for MIR-FT and MIR (0.986 > 0.964 and 0.970 > 0.948; 0.982 > 0.947 and 0.947 > 0.911; P < 0.001). The casein number varied from 79.4 to 80.56% in bulk milk samples in three years, its variability was low from 1.4 to 1.5% relatively, which shows on relatively reliable casein analyses by methods MIR and MIR-FT. It does not need to agree fuly for individual milk samples. It is linked more to MIR than MIR-FT. Limits for acceptable calibration parameters were derived: > 0.945 for KKK; 0.048 for SDID and 0.029% for mean difference as maximum.

Groups of fatty acids (FAs) in milk fat can have positive and negative impact on consumer health. Profile of FAs could be influenced by dairy cow nutrition, breed, milk yield level et cetera. The question is what relationships the FAs could have to quality of milk products? Relationships between FAs and their groups to selected milk indicators were studied in Czech Fleckvieh and Holstein cows (64 bulk milk samples). There were 8 herds in 2-year investigation during winter and summer season. The relationship of saturated FAs (SAFA; 66.22%) was significant only to lactose (L) content (0.290; P < 0.05). The relationships of monounsaturated FAs (MUFA; 29.21%) to milk indicators (MIs) were insignificant (P > 0.05). The relationships of polyunsaturated FAs (PUFA, beneficial for consumer health; 4.53%) to MIs were narrower: fat (T, 0.321; P < 0.05); lactose (L, 0.458; P < 0.01); milk alcohol stability (AL, 0.447; P < 0.01); titration acidity (SH, 0.342; P < 0.01); cheese curd quality (KV, 0.427; P < 0.01); milk fermentationability (JSH, 0.529; P < 0.001), streptococci count in yoghurt (Strepto, 0.316; P < 0.05); total count of noble bacteria in yoghurt (CPMUK, 0.314; P < 0.05); streptococci/lactobacilly ratio (StreptoLacto, 0.356; P < 0.01). The relationships of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA; markedly beneficial for health; 0.68%) to MIs were: T (0.379; P < 0.01); L (-0.542; P < 0.001); AL (0.266; P < 0.05); KV (0.411; P < 0.01); Strepto (0.260; P < 0.05); StreptoLacto (0.270; P < 0.05). The higher CLA levels were connected in this way with: higher fat content; lower lactose content; lower alcohol stability; lower streptococci count in yoghurt; lower streptococci/lactobacilly ratio in yoghurt. The PUFA and CLA representation decreased with L increase. Simultaneously some technological milk properties such as alcohol stability and fermentationability were slightly improved.

Based on the linear type classification of 49 246 young cows of the Czech Fleckvieh breed the overall udder score was proposed. Calculation of the overall udder score is derived from the particular type traits, especially from those traits, where the optimal development is not scored by maximum. Cubic regression coefficients were used for recalculation and obtained a new scale for traits such as udder depth, teat length, teat thickness, teat position and teat placement. These re-calculated traits together with other particular traits described on the udder were combined to the model for overall udder score - model 1. In the model 2 the same proportion of the particular traits was used with restriction by extreme development of the udder dept, where two different levels of penalization (-3 and -6 points) were used. Both models were compared with the current used system, where the x = 77.1, s = 5.22; for model 1 x = 84.94 (s = 2.65); for model 2 x = 84.40, s = 2.74. In both proposed models the distribution of the overall score for udder showed significantly smooth distribution, than in current system.
The coefficient of correlation between current system and new proposals reached r = 0.799.
Estimated breeding values for new models decreased from x = 0.199, s = 0.946 by the current used system, to x = 0.087 for model 1, x = 0.089 for model 2 respectively. Also the variability of the breeding values decreased. Estimated coefficients of heritability also decreased from 0.22 by the current system to 0.15 by the model 1 and 0.15 by the model 2, respectively.