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The paper presents results of a statistical analysis of time series obtained in studies on the absolute level, variability, dynamics and developmental trends of selected items of national accounts in the transformation period of the Czech national economy and its transition to a market economy. The volume of gross turnover of goods and services, gross value added, gross domestic product and imports of goods and services were explored a base of final expenditure on the one hand and the volume of final consumption expenditure, gross capital formation, gross national final expenditure and exports of goods and services as factors influencing the volume of total final expenditures on the other. Short-terms point extrapolations were calculated on the basis of applied models of developmental trends within the period 1993-2003.

The paper deals with the analysis of a population development in the south-eastern region of the CR with a view to natality, mortality and natural increment. The region of Vysočina shows markedly higher natality than the South-Moravian region. On the other hand, mortality is smaller in Vysočina. It affects the more favourable development of natural increment (in the present case decrease) in Vysočina. The greatest decrease shows the group of rural villages with the lowest number of inhabitants, a medium transitional group of municipalities shows markedly lower fall and towns show roughly an average level comparable with the natural decrease of the whole south-eastern region.

In this paper, zinc flows in arable soils of the Czech Republic and zinc fractions in arable soils are studied. Furthermore, a zinc uptake by agricultural plants is focused.
Based on a database of the programme The basal soil monitoring system (BSMS) a static zinc balance for arable soils on the national level was assessed. This programme is carried out by The Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture (CISTA) in Brno. As a representative for the zinc balance calculation, 121 monitoring plots were chosen. The Czech Republic net zinc fluxes ranged from -1250 g.ha^-1.y^-1 to +5595 g.ha^-1.y^-1, median +453 g.ha^-1.y^-1. The maximum zinc fluxes are typical of plots with manure applications. An atmospheric deposition is the most important input of zinc into arable soils. It makes 96,6% of the whole inputs. Leaching and run-off are neglected in this zinc balance by reason of missing credible data.
The project Examination of zinc availability in dependence on its form in soil was established to provide more information about behavior of zinc in soil. The first step was starting a greenhouse pot experiment, which was focused on comparison of several extraction agents (AR, 2M HNO₃, 0.43M HNO₃, Mehlich III, DTPA, CAT, 1M NH₄NO₃, 0.01M CaCl₂). Four soils with increasing zinc content were picked out for this experiment (Domanínek, Chrlice, Kutná Hora, Hlízov). Total zinc contents in these selected soils ranged from 156.8 to 583.7 ppm in dry matter (Aqua regia extraction). Contents in plants were in wide range from 20.7 to 273 ppm in dry matter according to the plant variety and used soil. Strong correlations between 0.43M HNO₃, Mehlich III, DTPA and CAT were proved. Using of weaker extraction agents enabled to distinguish geogenic and anthropogenic origin of the contamination.

The paper focuses on the viniculture sector in the Czech Republic in the stage of its adaptation to the united EU-market. The period before the entrance of the Czech Republic to the EU can be characterized by an effort to develop the necessary resources for its quantitative and qualitative growth at the maximum possible level. Evaluation of this period comes from analysis of: legislature and governmental and EU laws, directives and measures, development of the area of vineyards, human resources and businesses, wine market in the Czech Republic and the European Union, financial support of winegrowing and wine-production, structure of wine production, and price of grapes. Legislature for this sector had been changed in relation to the legislature of the EU - the main impacts being in registration of vineyards, the ban on new planting. Area of vineyards was enlarged by about 7 thousand hectares, and the main focus in the near future will be directed to their renewal - because of the age of the vineyards and bad heritage from the past in terms of low investments. The size structure of business subjects changed as well. Production potential is 19.3 thousand hectares of vineyard, there is filed more than 18 thousand wine-growers and nearly 600 wine producers. There is a potential for 20 thousand jobs in this sector, and considering the limited production area of vineyards, this projects into a high influence on the character, and development level of these areas. Consumption of wine is gradually increasing (16.5 litres per habitant per year, as yet). Prices, which were found, are relatively stable in the period of focus, with differences between white and blue varieties. Whereas the financial support of winegrowing was focused on enlarging the area of vineyards, in the pre-accession period, it is redirected to the restructuring of vineyards, integrated production of grapes, and reproduction of vines, in the current period. Wine imports constantly outweigh the exports in volume and value. Prices of grapes have been stable, in the past three years, but the price in 2005 was negatively influenced by wine imports. The analysis is summarized using the industry attractiveness evaluation matrix. It evaluates the selected influences with regard to the wine-production industry, which is evaluated as not very attractive, especially due to the low profitability of winegrowers, excessive regulation, and differences in financial support in different EU-member states.

The necessity of eLearning support of the university studies is setting up (or was setting up) at the universities all over the world. This paper compares the eLearning technologies available at Mendel University in Brno (MUAF), Czech Republic, and Polytechnic University in Madrid (UPM), Spain, in the context of different conditions at both universities. The level of using of these technologies and practical experiences with them are evaluated too.
In concrete this paper deals with the systems GATE (GAbinete de TeleEducación) and AulaWeb, used at the UPM and system ELIS, used at MUAF. The fifteen-year experiences with development of eLearning at UPM are very valuable study material for the developers of the ELIS system. Some, especially conception properties of the ELIS system, can be, on the other hand, useful for inspiration vice versa.

Economies in rural regions are characterised by a wide range of economic activities and that in 1990 even in the most rural regions of economically developed countries the agricultural sector accounted for less than 20% of regional labour force (OECD). Non-agricultural activities become dominant in rural regions. Among others, rural tourism and agri-tourism belong to the most frequent types of these activities in rural areas.
However prerequisites and conditions for sustainable regional development and rural and agri-tourism differ between countries economy with long tradition of market economy and countries with transition economies. There are many factors behind this difference, when intensive character of agricultural production even in less favourite areas, which was typical for these areas in transition economies still a few years ago, is one of decisive.
The article addresses the problem of evaluation of sustainable regional development and evaluation of rural and agritourism in the context of various world regions. The three dimensions of sustainable development, the environmental, the economic and the social dimension are equally important and should not be ranked or separated.
Indicator systems and evaluation methods have the potential to play a significant role in the decision making process at a regional level. They can form the basic information that is necessary to allow strategic planning as well as informed participatory processes for the decision among different pathways into the future.

The aim of the article is to evaluate the preferences of the ECB in monetary policy and to compare them with preferences of the central banks of new EU member countries from Central and Eastern Europe. The ECB's responsibility for the primary objective (price stability) often contrasts with the requirement for economic growth stabilization policy from the national governments.
There are doubts if the current members of Eurozone constitute an optimum currency area (the Eurozone 12 is recently the combination of rapidly growing and slow-growing - low inflationary countries). The differences between the countries will even expand during the European monetary union enlargement by new EU member countries. Consequently the probability of asymmetric shocks will increase. The main question is the ability of ECB to fulfill the needs of all EMU member countries in terms of optimal monetary policy. In the first part the authors analyze differences between the preferences of the ECB and national authorities (governments). The negative experiences of Ireland, Italy and other EMU members with current status quo help us to understand fear of future member countries from possible impact of common monetary policy on their national economies.
The second part of the paper deals with interest rates determination by ECB and compares it with expectations (requirements) from EMU member and EMU candidate countries. The main contribution of the article may be seen in central bank's preferences analyses - the preferences are defined as the parameters in Taylor rule (the weights given by ECB and national authorities to the price stability and economic growth stimulation).
The hypothesis is defined as following: are the preferences of ECB in line with the preferences of national central banks of EMU candidate countries?
The empirical analysis is based on the Taylor rule decomposition. The hypothesis is tested by regression analysis. Time series regression model uses relations between the inflation target, potential output, current macroeconomic situation on the one side and current monetary policy strategy, represented by interest rates, on the other side.
A range of empirical studies refers to differences between the desired interest rates of member and future member countries of EMU. The level of desired interest rates changes continuously according to the current economic situation of individual national economies. The differences are given by dissimilarities in financial systems, transmission mechanisms, and historical context of monetary arrangements. The authors suppose that the national authorities' and central banks' preferences are constant in the short time or identical before and after enlargement. The main idea of the article is that the traditional approach, which compares desired interest rates by national central banks, is irrelevant before full membership in EMU. The center of the problem is the mutual agreement on preferences of common monetary policy. The answer to the question: how to evaluate real impact of common monetary policy on real economy of EMU candidate countries after their entrance to Eurozone, is expected result of the article.

The aim of the work was modification of superoxide dismutase enzyme (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) activity analysis in barley grain and identical malts with using of the Ransod set. This set from company Randox were used for enzyme determination in blood samples. This method employs xanthine and xanthine oxidase to generate superoxide radicals, which react with tetrazolium chloride to form a red formazan dye. SOD is classified as natural antioxidants and enzyme plays a significant role at detoxication of products of molecular oxygen degradation. The largest rate of SOD occurs in embryo of barley grain. Its presence in barley grain and malt thus inhibits rancidity of grain during storage and undesirable beer flavour. The line Wabet x Washonubet (in grain-104,93 and malt 152,42 U/g dry matter) and the variety Annabell (104,65 a 147,21 U/g dry matter) had the highest activity of SOD in grain and malt of barley while the lowest activity was measured in the line KM 1910 (73,15 a 88,16 U/g dry matter) and variety Tolar (74,34 a 96,44 U/g dry matter).

The paper deals with consumer behavior on the market with selected food products. It focuses on expenditures on food, development of prices and comparison of results among EU countries. When comparing the development of consumer prices and incomes in 1990-2003, it is obvious that the growth of income was lower then the total increase of consumer prices. There were not only changes in price levels, but also in the structure of consumer expenditures, where we can see growth of expenditures for housing and decline in share of expenditures for food. In the Czech Republic, there was a decrease in consumption of beef and pork meet, and increase in poultry consumption. The consumption of fish is significantly below the EU average. Consumption of butter, potatoes and sugar reaches the similar level as the EU average.
The analysis of motives for changes in consumption of selected foodstuffs provides some insight in reasons for changes in consumption of bakery products and sweets, where it mostly is the healthy lifestyle (motive for whole-grain bakery product consumption) and improved market offer and advertising (for sweets and durable bakery products). Changes in meat consumption are motivated by healthy lifestyle for poultry and fish and improved market offer and advertising for canned meat products and salamis. Advertising and improved market offer played an important role for changes in consumption of yoghurts and cheeses, healthy lifestyle caused changes of yoghurts and milk. In category of selected beverages, it were advertising and improved market offer the motives for change of consumption of tea, wine and mineral waters, while healthy lifestyle motivated the change of mineral water consumption.

The article is focused on the analysis of impact of the final consumer for milk on the price development on the fluid milk processing market. The impact research was based on the dynamic model of intermediate demand function in inverse form. There were examined two approaches for the dynamisation of developed models - the implicit and explicit approach. Implicit dynamic model, which was developed on the base of linear inverse demand function with time lag explanatory variable, wasn't acceptable in the view of the achieved results of statistical and economical verification. According to this developed model, the quarterly lag in the examined vertical demand linkage did not play statistically significant role. Among explicit dynamic models, the best model with respect to results of T-test of B₂ parameter got the following form:
p_t = +18.8854 - 0.8636 . q_t^* + 0.1783 . t - 2.7336 . 10^-3 . t²; (t = 1, 2, ..., 32).
This developed model with the explicit dynamisation fit theoretical economical condition of Law of diminishing demand and its transmission in the researched section of the product vertical - milk. The intensity of the impact of final consumer demand for milk on the price development on the market for fluid milk processing was evaluated on the base of value of B₂ and on base of elasticity coefficient FP_t(q_t^*). In view of B₂, the rise of the consumer demand for milk by 1 litre implied the decrease in the prices of litre of milk on the market for fluid milk processing approximately by 0.90 CZK. According to FP_t(q_t^*), the increase of the consumer demand for milk by 1 % bring out in average the fall of the prices per litre of milk on the fluid milk processing market by almost 0.60 %.

The paper aims at the concentration development of the Czech pork market with support of concentration indices and indexes of inequality. As a data source is used the Czech Statistical Office database with time relevance to 2002 year. In the article are summarized basic indexes for supply and also for demand side of market. Market sides are analysed with and without respect of concentration forms on both side of the market. It targets following of international trends for merging of slaughterhouses and their grouping under the wings of financially strong agri-food holdings in comparison with producer's tendencies to group themselves into the producer's marketing organisations. Thus we can compare situations on the market how it looks like in every case - with and without concentration. Empirical experience then confirmed with the results of used statistical tools for measuring of concentrations, especially Hannah - Kay family indexes, entropy and concentration ratios.

Results of the statistical analysis of the of the total economic aggregate account for the Czech Republic enabled, in addition to the quantification of its performance, also to asses the developmental tendencies of economic phenomena under study. From this point of view, the most important were the data obtained within the framework of studies on the total output of Czech agricultural industry. Among the major indicators of the production intensity, the level of intermediate consumption was explored as well. This analysis involved also an exact estimation of both gross and net added value because such an analysis enables to express the the final economic effect of agriculture within the framework of the national economy as a whole. A complex approach to the solution of these problems is presented on the base of studies on the structure of both plant and animal production and of the total intermediate consumption

The research was executed on 24 high yield dairy cows divided into three groups (n = 8). There was the control group (I) that the propylene glycol wasn't given to cows, group II - the cows received 250 ml/day/per head of the propylene glycol, and the group III ─ the cows received 500 ml/day per head of the propylene glycol. The preparation was administered to cows per os beginning from 2 weeks before parturition to the end of the third week of lactation. During the research the condition of animals was estimated by BCS method, the daily yield was recorded, and analyses of the milk and colostrum composition were performed. The propylene glycol lightened the decrease of cows' condition during entering at the peak of lactation. The higher dose (500 ml) was more profitable, because it had an influence on the content of the colostrum components, low urea level in milk as well as on daily yield, which was higher of about 3.64 kg while the preparation was given, in comparison to the control group. In the 3^rd week of lactation the low level of somatic cells in milk of cows that received the preparation was stated. In conclusion, our study revealed a great positive effect of propylene glycol given to the cows shortly before and after parturition on their body condition and a less significant effect on colostrum quality and milk yield.

Aplication of hot-dip galvanized objects proves advantage full protection of steel components by zinc. Not only in industrial aglomeration but in this time ingeneral increased concentration of SO₂ can be observed. SO₂ and NaCl contribute to degradation of zinc protection in such a level that is necessary to provide protection of zinc cover against above mentioned corrosion activators.
The test results completly proved high duality of the anti-corroison protection of the duplex Zn + Komaxit. On the photos it is possible to observe that in the aggressive enviroment salt is the pernament still protection by this technological procedure out standing under aspect of life - extention of component and constructions elements. The pernament protection is essential from the point of view begining as well as the prognose of the coroison.
There is no doubt that expected of the anticorrosion quality of the protective Komaxit cover also very good mechanical charakteristics. Out of the test results it is clearly that the komaxit cover fixed on the protective zinc cover increase quality cover from the perspective of the functional as well as estetical.

The paper is aimed at the presentation of findings obtained in the study of the average level, variability, dynamics, developmental trends and a short-time point extrapolation prediction of the population in the Czech Republic and their structure according to gender and scale of the economic generation. In addition to the exact evaluation of the selected indicators, the analysis is also aimed to general rates of natural reproduction of population and their movement in the defined territorial unit and time interval 1993-2003. There are also presented relative rates of marriages, divorces, live births and deaths to mid-year population.

In general, the over sea height is cumulative factor, which can influence significantly the farm conditions. This effect consists of temperature (mean year temperature), rain (sum of rainfulls), sunshine (total period of sunshine) and so on, in terms of climate, which can influence the dairy cow keeping directly and indirectly. Direct effects can influence the welfare of dairy cows in terms of hot stress for example, which could decrease a mastitis resistance of cows or their milk yield in simply way. Indirect effects can influence the dairy cows and their milk production (milk yield and milk composition and quality) by typical kinds of forages and preserved rough fodders, by their botany composition and nutritional quality. In general it is possible to say, that increasing over sea height decreases economical efficiency of dairying. On the other hand the higher over sea height is sometimes linked with pastoral system of dairy cow rearing and nourishment and more often with possibility to ecological and biodynamical agriculture application. In the fact, the mountain and submountain localities are named as less favourable areas (LFAs) in terms of agriculture efficiency and sustainability under the Czech Republic conditions. Despite of above mentioned facts, the pastoral system of dairying plays very important role for tourism development in different countries such as Alpine or Scandinavien countries, Ireland, The Netherlands or in particular in New Zealand.
It could be very good to know the incidentaly possible impacts of over sea height of dairy cow rearing localities on milk quality, composition and its technological properties because of discussions about incidental dairy subsidies. Of course, in some countries including the Czech Republic, the governmental production subsidies or governmental environmental subsidies are partly linked with over sea height of localities of dairy farms, according to different calculation formulas as well.
The individual milk samples, feedstuff samples (total mixed ration (TMR) on feeding trough) and mean excrement samples were collected at seven dairy cow herds and two main milked breeds of cattle (in the CR) for three years. Bulk milk samples were collected as well. It was done two times per year in winter (February, Marz) and summer (August, September) seasons. The herds were localised in lowland (N; ≤ 350 m of o.s.h.) and highland (P; > 350 m of o.s.h.) areas. The breed effect (H = Holstein and C = local Bohemian spotted cattle based on Simmental breed) was good balanced between N and P areas. The milk yields of herds varied from 5500 to 10000 kg of milk per lactation. The different but typical varieties of nourishment and feeding systems of dairy cows were applied in the herds: N = alfalfa silage with maize silage; P = clover-grass silage, grass silage with maize silage and grass pasture as well. The concentrates were feeded according to milk yield and nutrition demand standards.
Investigated chemical-compositional, physical, health and technological parameters in individual milk samples were as follows: daily milk yield (ML; kg of milk per day); fat content (Tuk; g/100ml); lactose content (Lak; g/100g of monohydrate); solids non fat (STP; g/100g); somatic cell count (PSB; tis./ml); urea content (Mo; mg/100ml); acetone

Category of deferred income tax is a complex topic including the whole accounting system and the income tax. Calculation method can be time-consuming and demanding a high quality system of analytical evidence and a system of valuation and demanding the high level of accountants' knowledge. The aim in the theoretical level was to analyze process of calculation and recording of deferred tax. Importance of recording of deferred tax and the impact on financial analysis ratios was analyzed. Fourteen business entities were examined. Deferred tax recording is a legal way to reduce retained earnings a to protect of its careless alocation.

1879 purebred boars: Duroc (D), Hampshire (H) and Pietrain (Pn) as well as their two-crossbreds (D x H, H x D, Pn x H, H x Pn, Pn x D, D x Pn) were analysed after a living assessment completed between 1995-1998 within the area of activity of the Animal Breeding Station in Olsztyn. The standardized daily gains in body weight ranged between 594 g (H) and 628 g (Pn x D). The thinnest backfat layer was observed in Pietrain boars and their crossbred boars. The height of loin eye was the best for boars Pn and for all crossbred animals. The lean content in the body of the assessed boars ranged from 56.2% (H) to 60.0% (Pn). The highest value of selection index was found for Pn boars (124 points) and crossbred boars Pn x D and Pn x H, the lowest index value was observed for purebred H boars (109 points). The correlation coefficient between the index and daily gains range from 0.69 (P ≤ 0.01) (H) to 0.91 (P ≤ 0.01) (H x D), between the index and the height of loin eye range from 0.57 (P ≤ 0.01) (H) to 0.75 (P ≤ 0.01) (Pn) and between the index and the lean content range from 0.13 (P ≤ 0.05) (H) to 0.71 (P ≤ 0.01) (Pn).

The methodology itself was based on assumption that the tomato growing areas are characterized by the certain minimum temperature sum required for the profitable production. It is obvious that the increase of the temperature predicted by the General Circulation Models will lead to the increase of these temperature sums over the whole area of the Czech Republic. However it is clear that not only meteorological elements but also suitable soil conditions are limiting factors for successful tomato growing. Therefore the presence of the predefined soil types was the second factor determining the suitability of the given region for the tomato growth. The results of the study confirmed the hypothesis that the global warming will lead to enlargement of the areas with suitable growing conditions for tomato and almost certainly for other kinds of vegetables. The changes are documented by the maps in order to identify the shifts in the distribution and extend of these areas on the district (NUTS 3) level.

The paper is focused on the analysis of stock market returns of American and European stock market for different investment horizon from the view of an American and European investor. The paper also partly resumes, in the part of analysis of USD/EUR exchange rate influence on market returns of mentioned stock market, research paper REJNUŠ, O., ŠOBA, O.: Changes in the USD/EUR exchange rate and their impact on the return of stock indexes from the viewpoint of a European and of an American investor. ACTA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE ET SILVICULTURAE MENDELIANAE BRUNENSIS, Vol. LII, No. 6, 2004, pg. 145-159, ISSN 1211-8516.
The development of both American and European stock market is put on the development of two, structure-similar Standard & Poor's exchange indexes, particularly S&P 500 and S&P Europe 350. According to the USD/EUR exchange rate, there were used the values published by FED, with the oldest data there were accepted the count ECU to EUR. The data were taken both from the weekly closing values of mentioned stock indexes and weekly closing values of USD/EUR exchange rate.
The analysis was done with using the methods of quantification of "running market returns" (recount to the average annual values) of indexes from the view of both investors within the set investment horizon. The elemental statistical level characteristic - simple average, median and statistical characteristic of variability - standard deviation and variation coefficient were quantified from this time series of annual running market returns.
The analysis, which was purposely oriented to six basic different long investment horizon (1 year, 2 years, 3 years, 5 years, 7 years, 10 years), has approved that in focused term of 1980-2004 the market returns of picked stock market from the view of both investors (American and European) was generally higher in longer investment horizon than in the shorter investment horizon. The values of variation coefficient in particular investment horizon indicated the decreasing riskiness of investments in analyzed markets with elongating length of investment horizon, from view of both investors on both stock markets. The influence of the exchange rates changes on the values of quantified characteristic of indexes market returns (stock markets) was relatively insignificant, so the conclusions of the mentioned research paper, which resumes partly this paper, where in practice verified.

The work is focused on the use of acoustic emission (AE) in technical practice. AE is a relatively new non-destructive experiment method, which is broadly developing mainly at the end of 20th and beginning of 21st century. The aim of the work is to monitor stress and strain initiation area until yield point. The yield point is a final stress-strain limit for machine parts application. Actual σ - ε state should be detected by material acoustic response. It enables determining of machine usable life. Uniaxial tensile test has been performed to achieve this goal. By use of AE method, the whole A2 screw deformation, all the way to breakdown, has been observed. The record from AE has been compared with force-time (F - t) record. In order of completeness the record has been also compared with another screw types - ČSN 021143.50. The comparison clearly confirmed the conclusion about acoustic activity in connecting element - screw.

The paper deals with industry analysis of winegrowing and wine-production in Bulgaria and in the Czech Republic. The analysis is more focused on winegrowing and wine-production in Bulgaria with the aim to present the less known information.
The annual production of wine in Bulgaria amounts for about 2 million hectoliters, being mostly processed by industrial producers, even though the area of productive vineyards is decreasing by almost 33% to the level of 100 000 hectares. Czech Republic has a lower area of vineyards than Bulgaria, and thanks to the higher yields per hectare it produces about 0.5 million hectoliters of wine. Wine consumption is also different - Czech Republic reaches about 75% of consumption in Bulgaria.
Bulgaria, unlike the Czech Republic, belongs to the wine-export countries, especially focusing on exports of bottled red wine. The most important importers of Bulgarian wine - bottled and cask - are Poland, Russia, Great Britain, and Germany. The average prices of exported bottled wine oscillated around USD 1 per liter, in the monitored period. In case of the cask wine, the prices are almost 50% lower. The prices of wines imported to Bulgaria are slightly lower than prices of wines being exported from Bulgaria. Most of the wine was imported from Moldova and Macedonia, Hungary, and Poland.
The wine foreign trade balance of Bulgaria and Czech Republic is active for Bulgaria, which exports about 24 thousand hectoliters of wine to the Czech Republic. Exports of Czech and Moravian wines to Bulgaria are minimal.

The importance of convergence in foreign trade is mentioned in the theory of optimum currency from the very beginning. Also the OCA index incorporates two basic aspect of foreign trade. The territorial reorientation is always characteristic for new EU-members and this process was already accomplished by most of the new EU-members. The more developed associated countries are already at the level of EU-members. The commodity orientation is connected highly with the competitiveness and level of development of the whole economy and the shares of sophisticated product in exports reflect it. Hence the evaluation was concerned on the manufactured goods, SITC group 7-Machinery and transport equipment and the high-technology intensive products. From viewpoint of commodity structure the countries joining EU in 1995 are the most successful. They are closely followed by the other EU-members. The new EU-members of 2004 are lagged, the lag is getting wider with the rise of technology intensity. Only the Czech Republic and Hungary are able to compete with the older EU-members. The commodity convergence of EU countries is runs very dynamically in new members, the shares of other EU countries are almost constant. The results of intra-industry trade also reflect the lag in competitiveness of economies under transition. The transition countries are very heterogeneous in the intra-industry trade as well. The internal structure of transition countries is similar to result obtained when assessing the commodity structure.

The orientation of the research work for the exploitation of the preventive tools for the decrease of biodegradable waste comes out from the requirements, which are reposed on Czech Republic as a valid member of European Union. The Czech Republic have to follow the legislative requirements, which are defined for the waste treatment, in this case it deals with the EC Landfill Directive (1999/31/ES). The directive undertakes for the EU members to limit the volume of the biodegradable waste on the landfills. The main sense of this restriction is to reduce the volume of the emitted gas, mainly methane, into atmosphere. Therefore, it was assigned the Waste Management Plan of the Czech republic, which states in the interest of the strategic goals (the decrease of the specific waste production independently on the level of the economic growth, the maximal waste exploitation as a reserve of the primary natural resources and the minimalization of negative impacts on human health and environment by the waste treatment) the goal achievement in its binding part, what's the decrease of maximal volume of the biodegradable municipal waste deposited in landfills, thus the rate of this element will be the most 75% weighted in 2010, the most 50 % weighted in 2013 and the most 35 % weighted from the total volume rised in 1995. One of the ways, how to achieve the required reduction of the waste volume deposited in the landfills, is consistent exercitation of the preventive methods and the sound agricultural and sound operating practice methods. The main goal of the work consists in creation of methodics for the make prognosis of the region development charging by the biodegradable waste in the preventive tool exploitation. I identified the typical sources of biodegradable waste and the key areas of their uprise after the evaluation of environmental gains of the selected preventive projects by the creation of methodics. After this manner of data acquirement, I proposed and defined the indicators, which serve for the creation of model database of environmental gains in the regional measure, especially collection area of landfill.

The experiment was performed in the years 1998-2000 on two farms located near to Vistula Lowlands. The experimental materials were comprised of 52 daughters of bull Paran, among which 21 possessed the mLys-mic 7 allele and 31 - the mLys-mic 3 allele. The serum and whey bacteriolytic activity of the lysozyme, concentrations of selected mineral elements, technological properties of milk at successive the first lactation stages (30, 100, 150 and 200 days), somatic cell count and bacterial count were investigated in this study. The results obtained indicate that Lys-mic polymorphism has low suitability as a marker for milk production capacity in cows. The lysozyme gene, treated as a mastitis resistance factor, showed no effects on somatic cell count and bacterial count. Further investigations, conducted not only during the first lactation, but also during the next lactation in a herd threatened by a variety of pathogenic factors, would be carried to validate this Lys-mic gene polymorphism on mastitis resistance.

The aim of this article is to evaluate a marriage rate, divorce rate and natality in the South Moravian region in the period 1993-2003. There has been a major change in evolution of the population and standard of living. The number of marriages and live births has decreased and the number of divorces stagnated. The marriages and the childbirth advanced to the higher age level. The rate of engaged couples marital status, which is decreasing, is approximately on the same level, just the age of mothers is increasing. A high positive correlation has been proved between the number of married couples and live births children. At stagnation of divorces the numbers of divorces decrease at the beginning of the marriage on the contrary it increases after 15 years of marriage. Comparing to the Czech Republic the evaluated demographic indicators reach quite low rates.

The paper is focused on a description of the winegrowing and wine-production in Australia, a country, which is becoming a more and more significant producer and exporter of wine in the world, and has become a part of competitive environment of the winegrowing and wine-production industry in the Czech Republic.
Structural analysis of external environment is a part of strategic analysis of an industry, where one of the key parts is the analysis of competitive environment within an industry.
Winegrowing areas of Australia are nowadays located mostly in the colder climatic zone of Australia. In the 70-ies of the last century, there were planted new vineyards, in these areas, and the grapes from them have started to be used for production of quality-wine and the production of sweet wines and brandies have decreased. The most significant wine-production state has become the South Australia with the sound vineyards around the Murray River. The area of the productive vineyards has doubled, in the past seven years; most of the vineyards are under irrigation. The total grape production in the marketing year 2001-2002 was 1 514 501 t, where 56% were the blue grapes. In the marketing year 2001-2002, there was produced 1 220 mil. litres of wine and 416 mil. litres were exported., whereas in the marketing year 2002-2003 the exports amounted for 508 mil. litres of wine. Most of the wine was exported to the Great Britain - in the marketing year 2001-2002 it was 48% of the total exports. In 2003-2004, were exported to the Czech Republic 466 914 litres of wine, which is an 850% growth within the past four years. The average price of 1 litre of wine imported to the Czech Republic was 2.16 €, in the marketing year 2002-2003, and have grown by 0.28 € in the following year. Wine imports to Australia are decreasing from the marketing year 1997-1998. In the marketing year 2002-2003, the imports were 17 mil. litres of wine, for 81 mil €. Consumption of all alcoholic drinks recounted to the per capita and per year level is decreasing in Australia; from the marketing year 1977-1978 it have fallen by 26% to the year 1999-2000, but the wine consumption have grown by 43.6% in the same period.
The paper is a part of solution of a grant focused on analysis and definition of a long-term development concept of the winegrowing and wine production industries in the Czech Republic for the Ministry of Agriculture (NAZV QF 3276), and is also a part of solution of the research plan of FBE MUAF in Brno (GAMSM 431100007).

Grape phylloxera, Dactulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch., is one of most destructive insect pest of cultivated grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) worldwide. Phylloxera was the cause of incomparable structural changes in European viticulture. It also led to the usage of new biotechnology - rootstocks for grape varieties. The direct damage is related to phylloxera feeding of roots and leaves. Rootstocks bred solely with American Vitis spp. parentage allow little or none of phylloxera related root damage that is seen on Vitis vinifera. Rootstocks with partial Vitis vinifera parentage may also confer a high level of grape phylloxera resistance, but this resistance is not durable. Rootstock was evaluated under laboratory conditions and with pot trials. Resistance against phylloxera at roots and leaves was evaluated. Highest resistance degree was proved for variety Börner. Good resistance was found for most of tested rootstock varieties. Very good resistance have SO4 PO 0/7 and Craciunel 2 PO 0/6. It is interesting, that hybrid Kl×SO4 has also relatively good resistance. This promising franco-american needs further examination thanks to its good growing properties. After long time, this research offers new results about rootstock and phylloxera interactions under conditions of Southern Moravia. Results serve as a ground for further resistance breeding against phylloxera in Czech Republic.

In the last decade we can observe increasing number of applications based on the Artificial Intelligence that are designed to solve problems from different areas of human activity. The reason why there is so much interest in these technologies is that the classical way of solutions does not exist or these technologies are not suitable because of their robustness. They are often used in applications like Business Intelligence that enable to obtain useful information for high-quality decision-making and to increase competitive advantage.
One of the most widespread tools for the Artificial Intelligence are the artificial neural networks. Their high advantage is relative simplicity and the possibility of self-learning based on set of pattern situations.
For the learning phase is the most commonly used algorithm back-propagation error (BPE). The base of BPE is the method minima of error function representing the sum of squared errors on outputs of neural net, for all patterns of the learning set.
However, while performing BPE and in the first usage, we can find out that it is necessary to complete the handling of the learning factor by suitable method. The stability of the learning process and the rate of convergence depend on the selected method.
In the article there are derived two functions: one function for the learning process management by the relative great error function value and the second function when the value of error function approximates to global minimum.
The aim of the article is to introduce the BPE algorithm in compact matrix form for multilayer neural networks, the derivation of the learning factor handling method and the presentation of the results.

At present, the usage of information systems increases in various areas of human activities, therefore it is necessary to put the emphasis on their quality and user friendliness. That is why new techniques of design, development and implementation of information systems are being sought. The author of the paper and her colleagues employ themselves in the domain of component oriented web information systems and their goal is to define the methodology for building this kind of system. The component boxing model was designed so far. It describes how to build-up the information system from the particular components at each level of the three-layer architecture in general. Within the individual levels, it is needed to carry out the detailed analysis of components and their dependencies. In the paper, the user interface is discussed. The page decomposition in particular components is analyzed in detail and the component types with relationships between them are sought. There are also terms as box, box content, box design, visual element, linked and doubly linked elements, elements linkage defined. Further way of this domain research that would lead in determination of the methodology for the information system development at the user interface and presentation level is shown as well as the integration of this particular task in the entire system development.