Fulltext search in archive

The paper focuses on development of consumer behavior on the basis of household expenditures in 1996, 1999 and 2002 in individual countries in Europe. As a tool to examine the changes in behavior was used cluster analysis. The results of this analysis are illustrated in dendrograms, which help to estimate the greatest differences in consumer behavior among north-western European countries and new countries joining EU, then also among western European countries and south European countries. For the analysis of factors with influence on consumer behavior is required a research about motives of behavior and consumption of main agricultural commodities.

The contribution describes the methodology of work with human assets, and namely talent management representing a system of work with employees having over-average potential and representing the source of competitive advantage for the company. The work introduces methodological tools for implementing the system of talent management in the following fields: defining the talent, identification of talents, creating the conditions, care at the side of management, individual or group related technical education, development by way of key competences and evaluation of results, both regarding the abilities and skills of individuals through key competences, and by way of indicators of working performance. Describes evaluation using key competences minimal, optimal and actual competence profile and the way of describing competences by behavioural scale.

The first part of the paper is devoted to the problems of city tourism in the Czech Republic. As an example of the possibilities of city tourism is mentioned own marketing research of Brno citizens about their recreation and sport activities in the town and nearest surroudings. The marketing research was conducted for the first time in 1997 and repeated once again at the end of 2001.
The second part is oriented to the problems of the country tourism. As a practical case is used Southern Moravia project called Moravian Wine Trails. Empirical own experiences, especially personal interviews with local public administration authorities in 2003 and 2004 are compared with theory of local tourism marketing.

The work was carried out to study the influence of additional sowing and differentiated systems of use in the summer period on the production of grass sward in the autumn and winter period. An additional sowing of Festuca arundinacea and Festulolium was made into the grass stand with dominating Festuca rubra, Taraxacum officinale, Agropyron repens, Dactylis glomerata, Trisetum flavescens, Agrostis stolonifera and Phleum pratense. In summer (preparatory cut), the grass stand was utilized in June, July and August. In the autumn (main use), it was utilized in November, December and January. The additional sowing, the preparatory cut and the main use were monitored for their influence on the yield of dry matter. Another assessment was made of the share of Festuca arundinacea and Festulolium in the harvested herbage. In June 2001, the share of additionally sown herb species in the harvested herbage did not exceed 2%. However, their proportion increased to more than 20% in four years of the study. In the summer period, the additional sowing did not show any significant effect on dry matter yields. The additionally sown herb species exhibited a pronounced dominance in November. The shares of Festuca arundinacea and Festulolium in the harvested herbage were 80.1% and 71.3%, respectively. Yields from the additionally sown grass stands were higher from the third year of the study (by 1.07-1.26 t.ha^-1) than those from the grass stand with no additional sowing (0.66-0.97 t.ha^-1) the variance being insignificant. In the autumn and in winter, a significant decrease (P < 0.05) was seen in yields from the grass stand utilized until the beginning of August and the yields further decreased with the proceeding winter.

This article is focused on the topic of customer protection. The protection covers insolvency of travel agency and comes out from the Council Directive 90/314/EEC. In the Czech Republic this Council directive is implemented into Czech law through the Act No. 159/1999 Coll. on Conducting Business in Some Areas of the Tourism Sector. Unfortunately, the act is considered to be not up to date therefore novelization is being prepared. The article describes insurance as the one and only customer protection in the Czech Republic. Simultaneously, there are set other possibilities of customer guarantee in case of travel agency bankrupt which are successfully used in other European countries. One part of the article is dedicated to detail analysis of this problem in Great Britain. The result of provided analyses and research - proposal of guarantee model through insurance section which would be a part of Association of Travel Agencies and Tour operators. The goal of the model is to clear away present weaknesses in this field.

During the years 1993-2001 the monitoring of the soil surface fauna was carried out in a floodplain forest in the Ranšpurk National Nature Reserve (south Moravia). The harvestmen assemblages fluctuation is described in detail in this paper. The method of pitfall traps was used. A total of 3174 individuals of seven harvestmen species were collected. The species composition was very similar to other research results from the southern Moravian floodplain forest. Only the dominance values differ from the values in the other localities. All of the registered species prefer moisture and shadow places. The highest abundance was observed in Astrobunus laevipes (Canestrini, 1872), Nemastoma lugubre (Müller, 1776), Oligolophus tridens (C. L. Koch, 1936) and Rilaena triangularis (Herbst, 1799). The dynamics of harvestmen occurrence during the year had a different development than in other groups of invertebrates. Harvestmen mostly occurred in pitfall traps in autumn and winter months. The highest abundance of harvestmen in traps was observed in December and January. In July 1997, disastrous flood affected all groups of invertebrates. The flood had a minimal impact on the abundance of harvestmen in pitfall traps.

The aim of the article is to provide a survey of approaches to the investigation of social capital. And the another purpose is to present a proposal for a concept of social capital that would make it possible to quantify the market-unrealised capital potential with respect to sustainable development of multifunctional agriculture. For identification of social capital due to the specificities of our conditions - mobilizational individual capital and its manifestations in identification with the environment is in order to capture the individual dimensions of the approache mentioned.

The dependence farrowing interval on litter parity, average daily gains, percentage of lean meat and backfat thickness was analysed in a set of 8 285 and 2 850 sows of Czech Large White and Czech Landrace breeds, respectively. The parameters under study were recorded in the Pig Breeders Association in Bohemia and Moravia. The highest farrowing interval (174.39 days) was found out in sows classified into the group with the lowest average daily gains (< 470 g). The farrowing interval slightly decreased with the increasing growth intensity. No explicit relationship between the farrowing interval and the intensity of growth was found out in sows of the CL breed. No dependence of farrowing interval of individual groups of sows on the percentage of lean meat was found out in sows of the CLW breed; however, there was a statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05) difference between groups with lean meat shares of 54.1-55.9% and 58.0-59.9. With the exception of the group with the lowest share of lean meat (< 54%), the farrowing interval decreased in dependence on the LM % in sows of the CL breed. In sows of the CLW breed, there was a tendency to increasing farrowing interval with the increasing values of BT. The only exception was the group with BT below 8 mm in which the farrowing interval was 199 days. A similar trend was observed also in sows of the CL breed. The average farrowing interval decreased with the increasing parity rank in both breeds; in CLW sows this value decreased from 175.01 days (after the 1^st parturiton) to 158.18 days (after the 7^th and the following litters). A similar tendency (from 181.64 days after the 1^st parturition to 161.64 days after the 7^th and the following parturitions) was observed also in sows of the CL breed.

A total of 383 alien insect species were registered in the Czech Republic, which represents 1.4% of local fauna. The most numerous taxonomic groups are Homoptera (116 species, 30.3%), Coleoptera (110; 28.7%) and Lepidoptera (37; 9.7%). The occurrence of 200 species (52.2%) are limited to closed heated spaces, casual aliens (28; 7.3%) infiltrate the outdoor environment for a short term only, 36 (9.4%) naturalized non-invasive species do not spread from the location of introduction, 50 (13.1%) species are post-invasive and 69 (18.0%) invasive. From the species registered, 61 (15.9%) are stored product pests (especially Coleoptera 36 species, Psocoptera 11, and Lepidoptera 9), 50 (13.1%) are plant pests indoors (especially Coccinea 33 species, Aphidinea 7, and Thysanoptera 6), 25 (i.e. 6.5% of aliens) are pests in agriculture, forestry, and in ornamental cultures, 15 species (3.9%) are important animal parasites, and 5 species (1.3%) can affect biodiversity. Of the remaining 227 species (59.3%), no economic or ecological effects were found. The origin of most of the species living eusynanthropically is in the tropics and subtropics; of the 155 naturalized (non-invasive, post-invasive, and invasive) species, 42 (27.1%) originate from the Mediterranean, 36 (23.2%) from North America, 28 (18.1%) from Central to Southwest Asia, 14 (9.0%) from East Asia, 13 (8.4%) from South and Southeast Asia, with the remaining 22 species (14.2%) coming from other areas.

The catalogue of alien animal species registered in the Czech Republic, with data on their origin, date on the first observation, way of introduction (accidental, deliberate, spontaneous), invasive status (casual, non-invasive, post-invasive, invasive), habitat (eusynanthropic, urban, agricultural, natural), trophic requirements and possible influences (plant or stored-product pest, biodiversity influence). In total 595 species are listed, i.e. 1.8% of the fauna of this country; of these, 22 species of molluscs (8.8% of the local fauna), 451 spp. of arthropods (1.5%), 383 spp. of insects (1.4%), and 55 spp. of vertebrates (9.2%). Among the registered species, 248 spp. (41.8%) are confined to closed and heated spaces by their occurrence, and 287 spp. have become naturalized (48.2%). Of these 113 spp. are considered invasive (19% of alien spp.). 65 spp. (10.9% of aliens) are pests of stored products, 84 spp. (14.1%) are parasites of important animals, 53 spp. (8.9%) are pests of plants grown in heated rooms (above all, glasshouses), 28 ssp. (4.7%) are agricultural or forest pests, and 39 spp. (6.6%) may influence local biodiversity. The origin of the naturalized alien species is mostly in North America (70; 24.4%), the Mediterranean (61; 21.3%), E Asia (44; 15.4%), Central and SW Asia (43; 15%), and S or SE Asia (30; 10.5%).

The work deals with dendrochronological analysis of the roof truss of parish church in the locality of Stare Hobzi. The dendrochronological analysis gave an integrated view on a complicated development of this building and it helped us to restore the succession of building adjustments performed on this building. The work is also to introduce the dendrochronology branch to people who participate on or direct perform building-historical research and to show them that it could be an essential helper in their work.

The paper deals with the analysis of changes in the development of basic characteristics of the dairy industry in the Czech Republic, which cohere with the integration of the Czech Republic into the European Union. The attention is paid on size of the market, growth rate, life cycle, development of prices and development of foreign trade.
The total domestic consumption reached 2111.1 million litres in 2004. The industry is in the maturity. The excess of supply exists in the industry; the growth rate is low, under 5% per year. The integration of the Czech Republic into the EU didn't bring about changes in the development of basic characteristics - size of the market, growth rate, and life cycle. The volume of production changed. The total volume of purchase of raw milk for production went down by 1.4% to the value in 2000. And all prices in the product vertical - milk and milk products (prices of agricultural producers, production prices and consumer's prices) rose.

In the LHC Obrova noha management-plan area (Municipal Forests Prostějov), peeling and browsing damage to spruce (Picea abies) caused by red deer was monitored. In total, 20 plots of an area of 25 × 25 m were monitored in stands aged 26-65 years. On the whole, 56% of 1561 trees were damaged by peeling and browsing, 82% of the damaged trees were attacked by Stereum sanguinolentum (Alb. et Schw.: Fr.) Fr. Trees in the 3^rd age class affected by rot show the highest proportion, viz 92% trees damaged by peeling. In the plots, in total 90 sample trees with the presence of rot were cut down. Peeling damage happened 6 to 41 years ago. The rot affected 10 to 94% of the sample tree stem volume (on average 39%). The volume of devalued wood is in positive correlation with a time elapsed after peeling damage (r = 0.683). The rot spread vertically through the tree stem by an average speed of 10.5 cm.year^-1 (from 1.3 to 28.1 cm.year^-1). The progress rate negatively correlated with a period elapsed after the stem damage (r = -0.723).

The main aim of this research is to propose an evaluation method as a tool for measurement of sustainable development in agriculture. The research has three parts: 1) indication, 2) evaluation and 3) application. Three aggregate and a group of partial indicators were selected for ecological, economic and social dimension of agricultural system. As the aggregate indicators were proposed: Material and Energy Costs, Operating Income and Personal Costs. Two evaluation methods for calculation of relative sustainability for group of farms were proposed: The Method of Comparison of Indicator Values and The Method of Comparison of Weighted Interval Sustainability. Each method was tested in static and dynamic variant with using of financial data of 30 farms in the CR. Proposed Index of Weighted Interval Sustainability is applicable in farm management and in agricultural policy with aim to redistribute subsidies.

Four species of the genus Trifurcula Zeller, 1848 are described from Italy: Trifurcula (Trifurcula) aetnensis sp. n. on Genista aetnensis (Biv.) DC., T. (T.) cytisanthi sp. n. on Genista radiata (L.) Scop., both close to T. (T.) aurella Rebel, 1933; T. (T.) baldensis sp. n. on Genista radiata close to T. (T.) immundella (Zeller, 1839), and T. (T.) trasaghica sp. n. on Corothamnus decumbens (Durande) Spach similar to T. (T.) pallidella (Duponchel, 1843), but more close to T. (T.) beirnei Puplesis, 1984 and T. (T.) squamatella Stainton, 1849. Additional faunal data on the family Nepticulidae are given from Italy: 4 species are new for Italy: Stigmella irregularis Puplesis, 1994, Trifurcula thymi (Szöcs, 1965), T. ortneri (Klimesch, 1951) and T. austriaca van Nieukerken, 1990; 17 species are new for Sicily: Stigmella luteella (Stainton, 1857), S. glutinosae (Stainton, 1858), S. alnetella (Stainton, 1856), S. rolandi van Nieukerken, 1990, S. hybnerella (Hübner, 1813), S. salicis (Stainton, 1854), S. trimaculella (Haworth, 1828), S. plagicolella (Stainton, 1854), S. incognitella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1855), S. basiguttella (Heinemann, 1862), Acalyptris platani (Müller-Rutz, 1934), Trifurcula saturejae (Parenti, 1963), T. eurema (Tutt, 1899), T. subnitidella (Duponchel, 1843), T. aurella Rebel, 1933, Ectoedemia atrifrontella (Stainton, 1851) and E. gilvipennella (Klimesch, 1946).

The article is focused on the analysis of impact of the final consumer for milk on the price development on the fluid milk processing market. The impact research was based on the dynamic model of intermediate demand function in inverse form. There were examined two approaches for the dynamisation of developed models - the implicit and explicit approach. Implicit dynamic model, which was developed on the base of linear inverse demand function with time lag explanatory variable, wasn't acceptable in the view of the achieved results of statistical and economical verification. According to this developed model, the quarterly lag in the examined vertical demand linkage did not play statistically significant role. Among explicit dynamic models, the best model with respect to results of T-test of B₂ parameter got the following form:
p_t = +18.8854 - 0.8636 . q_t^* + 0.1783 . t - 2.7336 . 10^-3 . t²; (t = 1, 2, ..., 32).
This developed model with the explicit dynamisation fit theoretical economical condition of Law of diminishing demand and its transmission in the researched section of the product vertical - milk. The intensity of the impact of final consumer demand for milk on the price development on the market for fluid milk processing was evaluated on the base of value of B₂ and on base of elasticity coefficient FP_t(q_t^*). In view of B₂, the rise of the consumer demand for milk by 1 litre implied the decrease in the prices of litre of milk on the market for fluid milk processing approximately by 0.90 CZK. According to FP_t(q_t^*), the increase of the consumer demand for milk by 1 % bring out in average the fall of the prices per litre of milk on the fluid milk processing market by almost 0.60 %.

Rural tourism has come to occupy a prominent position in the debate about rural restructuring in all OECD countries, partly because of demand changes which favour rural tourism and partly because rural agencies recognise a need to provide economic activities with potential for growth in a rural economy in which traditional providers of rural employment (such as agriculture) have been shedding labour at a rapid rate.
Well-designed strategy is essential to its success in impacting on the rural economy. The structures for collaboration and co-operation must be developed and combined with a process of education and training. Co-operative effort must be effective and sustainable. The tourism related businesses should not be isolated from the larger community and its issues.
The principal motivation for a community, business or region to serve tourists is generally economic. An individual business is interested primarily in its own revenues and costs, while a community or region is concerned with tourism's overall contribution to the economy, as well as social, fiscal and environmental impacts. A good understanding of tourism's economic impacts is therefore important for the tourism industry, government officials, and the community as a whole.
The principal objective of the study, that is reported here, was to determine the potential income of farmers from the provision of agro-tourism services. First, the paper reviews selected results of the visitor spending survey in alternative types of rural tourism of the region Southeast (Czech Republic); second the direct economic benefit of the agro-tourism in this region is estimated, and finally, critical factors reducing the effectiveness of agro-tourism as a rural development instrument are drawn.

The article deals with the analysis of the shape of the Engel's curve in the field of the expenditures for meat and meat products. Within the analysis, the paper is especially focused on the initial growth phase of the Engel's curve. The CSO data of the average Czech household was used for the research. For the elimination of the price impacts in this income-expenditure analysis, the original CSO data on nominal level were transformed into the real level. The studied real shares were determined with respect to the total food expenditures and also with respect to the total households' incomes. The linear and the quadratic forms of the dynamic Engels' models were developed for the aims of the research. Besides the trend development, the periodical component was investigated. Regression analysis was fully confirmed the validity of the Engel's law in the field of the Czech-household expenditures for meat and meat products. Furthermore, the quadratic model form showed the existence of the initial growth phase of the examined Engel's curve. In case of the real share with respect to the total food expenditures by the model:
rw1_t^* = (-1,0176E - 08) . (rm_t^*)² + (2,8498E - 04) . rm_t^* + [(-1,7011E + 00) + (1,3970E - 03) . t],
the size of the real household income is 14 003 CZK. For the second analysed share of the real expenditures with respect to the total households' incomes, the real level of the income by the developed model:
rw2_t^* = (-2,8844E - 09) . (rm_t^*)² + (7,8205E - 05) . rm_t^* + [(-4,6323E + 01) + (3,1095E - 04) . t]
the value was 13 557 CZK.

Service life of constructions and buildings of wood is dependent on temperature and moisture conditions in layers of the building cladding where the wood framework is built in. Temperature/moisture conditions or the corresponding equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of the construction show considerable effects on the functional reliability of the whole building from the viewpoint of mechanical resistance and stability (ER1), energy savings and thermal protection (ER6) and hygiene, health and environment protection (ER3). To ensure the reliability of constructions and buildings for the period of their supposed service life a more profound analysis of constructions is necessary from the aspect of a global thermal/technical evaluation.

After its spread through many potato growing states of South America the Guatemalan potato tuber moth (Scrobipalpopsis solanivora Povolný, 1973) was introduced into the Canary Islands (1998 - 2000) and caused several outbreaks both in potato fields and stores. This paper deals with the generic status of this insect pest and summarizes the most important results of its studies and research. This paper is aimed mainly at the European institutions of plant protection reacting especially on the needs expressed by the European Plant Production Organisation (EPPO). The paper is accompanied by coloured figures of moths and damage on potato tubers and with sketches of taxonomically important characters of the pest.

Parafomoria fumanae sp. n. is described from southern France. The new species is similar to Parafomoria ladaniphila (Mendes, 1910), but very close to P. cistivora (Peyerimhoff, 1871) and P. helianthemella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1860) after its genital morphology. It differs especially by the characters on valvae, tegumen, uncus and aedeagus. Its larva is a stem miner of Fumana procumbens (Dunal) Gr. et Godr., the species is the first stem miner in the genus Parafomoria van Nieukerken, 1983.

The paper concentrates on capability of genetic algorithms for parameter estimation of non-linear economic models. In the paper we test the ability of genetic algorithms to estimate of parameters of demand function for durable goods and simultaneously search for parameters of genetic algorithm that lead to maximum effectiveness of the computation algorithm. The genetic algorithms connect deterministic iterative computation methods with stochastic methods. In the genteic aůgorithm approach each possible solution is represented by one individual, those life and lifes of all generations of individuals run under a few parameter of genetic algorithm. Our simulations resulted in optimal mutation rate of 15% of all bits in chromosomes, optimal elitism rate 20%. We can not set the optimal extend of generation, because it proves positive correlation with effectiveness of genetic algorithm in all range under research, but its impact is degreasing. The used genetic algorithm was sensitive to mutation rate at most, than to extend of generation. The sensitivity to elitism rate is not so strong.

The paper includes partial results of research oriented on conventions and behaviour of consumers on the wine market in the Czech Republic. Based on direct questioning of 1000 respondents from the whole Czech Republic we found, that 11.3% of respondents drink wine several times a week, 29.8% of respondents at least once a week, and 23.2% drink wine several times a month. Only 2.7% of respondents do not drink wine at all. 30.3% of respondents drink wine more often than before, especially because of the fact, that they like wine more, it is of a better quality, and the offer is greater.
15.8% of respondents drink wine less often than before of these reasons: health reasons, wine is too expensive, they drive more often.
In the groups of respondents with lower amount of wine drunk in usual consummation, there prevail women. Of the total number of women, who answered this question, 75.8% drink less than 0.5 litres in common consummation. In the group of respondents drinking more than 1 litre of wine, there are 5% women and 95% men.

The aim of the study was to evaluate three times repetited measurements of the beef steers temperament using of the Scale Test (1-5 score from docile to wild) and the Flight Speed Test (the time taken to cover a set distance of 1.7 m after leaving the weight scale in tenths of a second). Ten Charolais and 10 Hungarian Grey steers were used. At the start of testing, the Charolais and Hungarian Grey steers aged 446 and 487 days, respectively, while the following measurements were realized at their average age of 553 and 594 days, respectively and of 713 and 754 days, respectively. The mean temperament scores revealed that temperament was fairly consistent in Hungarian Grey steers (1.3-1.4-1.4) and it worsened in Charolais ones only on the third measurement (1.6-1.5-2.5). Flight speed varied non-significantly in Charolais (2.77-2.89-2.46 s) and in Hungarian Grey (4.09-5.01-5.33 s) steers either through the study. In our opinion, the successive use of the Scale Test and the Flight Speed Test can offer a more reliable measure of cattle temperament when the sample is small.

Seven podzol profiles from mountain regions of the Czech Republic were studied within a research programme. Especially microscopic characters of soils and their micromorphological properties were studied in detail. In all profiles studied the separation of the soil mass into two constituting elements, viz. skeleton and plasm, was observed. In eluvial horizons mainly the structures are represented which result from a progressed dissolution of the building plasm and which contain skeleton consisting mainly of completely washy (leached) sand grains. Only very little organic matter is present in eluvial horizons. In leached (iluvial) horizons covering layers arise (Kubiena, 1938), this structure type being possibly characterised as skelsepic (according to Brewer, 1964). It was found in some profiles that very minor clay concentrations are developing.
This work was undertaken as part of the Research Project J/08/98:434100005 "Forest and Landscape Sustainable Management: from Outline to Achievement", NO 413/1034/9ZA05.

Genotype and allele frequencies of the oestrogen receptor gene (ESR) PvuII restriction site were investigated in populations of the main Czech maternal breeds. 1253 sows and gilts and 396 boars in Large White and 334 sows and gilts and 318 boars in Landrace were genotyped from blood samples by the modified PCR-RFLP procedure as described in Short et al. (1997). In Large White, the frequency of allele B was about 0.51. In Landrace, the frequency of allele B reached from 0.02 for boars to 0.03 for sows. No significant deviations of the observed genotype frequencies from the frequencies expected according to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were found in both breed. Opposite trends in allele frequencies development could be assumed for analysed sows and boars of both breeds. In Large White sows the frequency of allele B raised probably due prefering sows with BB genotype, whereas in Landrace population the frequency of allele B decreased from yet unknown reasons.

Gardeners' practical experience and experimental work prove the affirmation that the used substrate is a very important base for the production of quality nursery products. It is important to emphasis the complexity and synergy of all factors influencing the ecosystem and there mutual relations. Physical, chemical and biological properties do not separately affect the growth and development of plants. In addition, the relations are not statical but differ in relation with other factors changes. This article is dealing with the possibility to use waste material from timber processing in cultivation substrates. The large scale use of such substrates would enable people to reach a relative independence from peat substrates, of which the global reserve is gradually decreasing.
Our research activities focus on the use of bark. The basic problems of a bark substrate are easy dehydration and unbalanced nutrition of trees and shrubs. The suggested and experimented cultivation technology solves these problems. It is based on the cultivation of woody species in bark substrates, using modern irrigation systems, slow release fertilisers (Silvamix Forte) and special soil conditioners (TerraCottem). This technology was tested on the following species of trees and shrubs: Malus and Buxus.

On the basis of the pedological research in the years 1962 and 2003 were found following results: in the underground of the Ždánice forest descended the appearance of chernozem from 64% to 39%. From the full measure. From that measure there is only 10.2% of haplic chernozem and 28.8% of eroded chernozem. Further there descended rapidly the appearence of orthic luvisol from 21.6% to just 0.6% of glyic fluvisoils from 14.4% to 9.2%. Three new soils types were registred in the year 2003: colluvial - soils 8% , antropic-soils 8.9% and pararendzin (calcavic regosol) 34.3%. On the basis of the comparison of aerial photos from the year 1971 with present state there resulted ascent of erosive damage the soil surface from 52.5% to 72.4% in the presend. Development prognosis: there will further descend the sum of haplic chernozem, will ascend the area of eroded chernozem, further will ascend the percentage of loessy regosol the ground and of antropic - soils. The greatest ascend we can await at the para - rendzins (calcavic regosols). At the majority of the soils types there will descend the quality and quantity of humus particles.

On two monitoring areas of the Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture (ÚKZÚZ) loaded with risk elements we carried out investigations of beetles of the family Carabidae (Coleoptera) in agricultural stands of winter and spring wheat. The focus of the present study is on synecological characteristics and in some extent on the impact of agricultural practise on the population and seasonal dynamics of the most important representatives of ground beetles. This paper precedes the following article aimed to contents of heavy metals in ground beetles.

The importance of convergence in foreign trade is mentioned in the theory of optimum currency from the very beginning. Also the OCA index incorporates two basic aspect of foreign trade. The territorial reorientation is always characteristic for new EU-members and this process was already accomplished by most of the new EU-members. The more developed associated countries are already at the level of EU-members. The commodity orientation is connected highly with the competitiveness and level of development of the whole economy and the shares of sophisticated product in exports reflect it. Hence the evaluation was concerned on the manufactured goods, SITC group 7-Machinery and transport equipment and the high-technology intensive products. From viewpoint of commodity structure the countries joining EU in 1995 are the most successful. They are closely followed by the other EU-members. The new EU-members of 2004 are lagged, the lag is getting wider with the rise of technology intensity. Only the Czech Republic and Hungary are able to compete with the older EU-members. The commodity convergence of EU countries is runs very dynamically in new members, the shares of other EU countries are almost constant. The results of intra-industry trade also reflect the lag in competitiveness of economies under transition. The transition countries are very heterogeneous in the intra-industry trade as well. The internal structure of transition countries is similar to result obtained when assessing the commodity structure.