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The two-year field trial was established in May 2008 on light soil in the cadastre of Ratíškovice near Hodonín in an arid maize-growing production area. Prior to sowing selected soil conditioners were applied in experimental plots of an area of 864 m² as follows: zeolite (a mineral of high sorption capacity), lignite (the youngest coal containing humus substances) and the supplementary soil substance agrisorb (polymer organic compound capable of holding in its structure and subsequently releasing water) and they were incorporated into a profile of 0.15 m. Including the untreated control the experiment involved 4 treatments. The rates of the conditioners were as follows: zeolite - 3 l.m^-2, fraction used 1-2 mm; agrisorb - 20 g.m^-2; lignite - 1000 g.m^-2. Three types of clover-grass mixtures were sown: landscape mixture with an addition of leguminous plants (seeding rate 200 kg.ha^-1), regional mixture (100 kg.ha^-1) and annual mixture (70 kg.ha^-1). The aboveground biomass taken from an area of 0.05 m² was sampled in the stage of bud setting with three repetitions to each treatment.
In 2008 and 2009 the respective treatments did not significantly change the contents of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in the aboveground biomass of the clover-grass mixtures. The differences in the contents of the macro elements were significant only between the individual types of mixtures and were due to their different botanical composition. Between the years 2008 and 2009 no significant differences were discovered among treatments in terms of the contents of P and K in none of the mixtures, but the Mg content decreased in the second year in most treatments by 50 relative % and more. The contents of N and Ca increased significantly in the second year in the regional and landscape mixtures; in the annual mixture also the Ca content. The year-on-year differences however were seen also in the untreated control showing the apparent effect of the year. A longer period of monitoring is necessary if we are to achieve an objective evaluation of the effect of the applied preparations on the chemical composition of the aboveground biomass.

The paper deals with the marketability of packaged fruit and vegetables, as a new trend of satisfying consumer needs, in connection with selling-culture of stall selling and self-stores sales. It emphasize fact that food have to be wrapped into the quality, health packages, under the conditions of the Act. 477/2001 Coll.
Specific data for the analytical part of this paper was provided by Hortim International Ltd. This company has operate on the Czech market since 1995. Analysis of the economic results confirmes the legitimacy of the sale of packaged fresh fruits and vegetables, but there will be neccesary longer lasting promotion. This fact also confirmed the research of consumer demand, that was made by authors. Determinant for the success sales are these factors: consumer confidence that the packaged products of fruit and vegetables are high quality.

The plant additives and their functional components can selectively influence the intestinal microorganism growth in positive or negative direction. If the growth promotion relates with positive microorganisms and growth elimination is connected with pathogens the results is nutrients utilization improvement, stimulation of immunologic system or positive influence of intermedial metabolism. Anethole is one of these important plant metabolites. There are described following positive effects of anethole in human medicine: vasorelaxant, antithrombotic, releasing of heart function, fytoestrogenic (it mean improving of milk secretion, menstruation, promotion of menses, birth improvement, men's hormonal changes improving, sexual libido improving), antioxidative, antifungal, improvement of derma permeability, antihelmintic, insecticidal, yeast elimination, antibacterial, antipyretic.
In our work the effect of anise and fennel essential oils on nutrients utilization in pig experiment was evaluated. The trial was organized in accredited experimental stable Žabčice of Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry Brno. The high level efficiency of experimental animals is mentioned through general parameters (average daily gain, feed intake and feed conversion). The results of nutrients utilization rate show slightly higher digestibility of nutrients in treatment with anise oil, this improvement is not higher then 1.0 %. We can see also improvement of nitrogen retention in body mass on level of 5.6 % (anise treatment compared with control group). There is low variability between experimental animals (except nitrogen retention coefficient) but we can not see any statistical significance. On base of these results we can say the used phytogenic additives do not affect negatively the nutrient utilization in used concentration (0.1 % of essential oil in feed mixture) and are fully eligible for animal nutrition. These results are also supported by few research papers connected with similar topic.

The results of raw whey rheological behavior investigation - particularly viscosity, dependence on temperature, time, and share rate, are presented. The whey samples have been examined under temperature ranging from 17 to 90 °C and under share rate ranging from 0.34 to 68 s^-1. The measurements have been performed using rotary digital viscometer (concentric cylinders geometry). The material was found to be temperature dependent (non-linearly), time dependent and shear thinning. Received data have been successfully characterized by several mathematical models (power, exponential, and polynomial) in MATLAB® software with satisfying correlations between experimental and computed results. Following correlations have been achieved: temperature dependence with r² = 0.993 using polynomial model, time dependence with r² = 0.985 using power model, and shear thinning behavior r² = 0.998 using power model. The results are quite useful for practical design of technological equipment such as pumps and piping.

The paper deals with the occurrence, development and harmfulness of Anacampsis populella (Clerck) (Gelechiidae) on Populus tremula L. The pest was monitored on 5 to 15-year old trees of the species at Forest District Bílovice nad Svitavou (near the city of Brno) in 2008 and 2009. Caterpillars made leaf rolls of a mean length of 37.3 mm and width 5.5 mm there. In 80% leafrolls, one leaf was rolled up and in 20% two to five leaves. Towards the abaxial face of leaves, all leaves with caterpillars were rolled up but only part of peripheral leaves. Caterpillars occurred from 20 April to 25 June. They developed only through three instars and damaged leaves on an area of about 12.2 cm². Grown up caterpillars pupated mostly in leafrolls. Pupae occurred from 10 May to 25 July and imagoes from 20 May to the beginning of August. Some 63 to 88% population of caterpillars and pupae were killed by natural enemies (particularly insect parasitoids, insect predators and birds). Eggs overwinter. The pest development is univoltine.

This paper analyses the commodity structure of Czech (CR) agrarian trade in relation to the EU countries. An emphasis is put on comparative advantages of particular aggregations from the view-point of their application on the EU internal market. This analysis is based on an evaluation of comparative advantages by means of a modified Balassa index. It is studied in two stages, for the internal EU market and the world market. The analysis results are then shown in a graph. Subsequently, the authors implement an idea arising from a BCG matrix on the results of the graphic presentation. The aim is to identify those aggregations (SITC, rev. 3) which are or have a potential to be a pillar of agri-business (ie, the "cash cows" and "stars"), and vice versa to show the aggregation which are non-prospective in the long term or problematic (ie, the "dogs" and "problem children"). As start are identified as those aggregations which are characterised by the highest growth rate of comparative advantage value. From the analysis results, changes are apparent if we compare the CR trade commodity structure in relation to the EU countries. Findings also concern the development of comparative advantages and following CR specialisation on trade with certain aggregations.

Carabid beetle samples were obtained from pitfall traps at an abandoned quarry of a limestone massif Hády near Brno. The samples were collected each month between April and September in years 2007-2008. A total of 61 species were registered and represented by 2619 individuals. Similarity of individual areas was evaluated by using the Cluster analysis - the most significant similarity was found in reclaimed sites (99.87%) and control sites (90.52%). The difference in similarity between two observed years came out distinctively (F = 2.906; P = 0.0010). Three species (Cylindera germanica, Licinus cassideus and Aptinus bombarda) from the Red List of Invertebrate Animals of the Czech Republic and one species (Cylindera germanica) affected by the Order 395/1992 Sb. as amended by Decree 175/2006 Sb. were detected among the observed species. The reclaimed land and surrounding field areas left to natural succession were dominated by species of open habitats.

The use of clover-grasses in the structure of fodder crops grown on arable soil, especially those with intergeneric hybrids as the main component part, could avert the negative current trend, i.e. further decreasing the area of perennial fodder plants or fodder crops as a whole on arable soil. They have an irreplaceable role in crop sequences and in preserving the cultural character of the countryside, above all due to the fact that they improve soil fertility and microbial life in the soil and that they have an excellent pre-produce value, and, at the same time, they are applied in various farming systems (both conventional and ecological) and in various climatic conditions, and agricultural businesses are well equipped for growing, harvesting and storing them. In the Czech Republic, the area of fodder crops grown on arable soil was decreased from 1,019.9 thousand hectares to mere 396.7 thousand hectares between 1980 and 2009, which is 15.6 % of the total area of arable soil whereas perennial fodder plants only take up 8.5 %. Fodder from clover crops and clover-grass growths on arable soil are one of the main resources of voluminous fodder for dairy cows. Most of this fodder is preserved through a fermentation process (silages, hay storage); a smaller part is fed as fresh fodder, or serves for production of hay. Silages made with perennial fodder plants are the most important source of both proteins and other nutrients for ruminants, especially for high-yielding milch cows. The basis of fodder production systems are the conservative elements of the landscape area (geomorphology) in combination with the progressive elements (weather conditions, plants and human labour) and relict ones, the representative of which is the soil. The fodder production systems in Europe are divided into five main fodder production zones. From this point of view, the areas where short-term clover-grass mixtures are grown on arable soil could be classed with Zone 4, i.e. intensive fodder production and cattle breeding. This characterisation corresponds with the Vysočina Region (the Czech Republic), which is the focus of our work even though extensive breeding can be found in this area on a smaller scale as well. Therefore, our aim was to verify the production and qualitative parameters of the fodder crops and mixtures included in the test in chosen agricultural businesses in the Vysočina Region and to recommend the most suitable variant for the given area. A statistically significant correlative relationship (P < 0.05) was proved between the net energy for lactation contents and the percentage of organic matter digestibility. The evaluation of the production parameters evidently shows the favourable influence of the grass component part or of intergeneric hybrids on the stability of dry matter yield per hectare as well as on the stability of individual nutrients.

The aim of the work was to determine a potential decrease in yields and a risk of cultivation of field cucumber of pickling varieties in Poland caused by the delay of the dates: flowering, fruit setting and harvesting. In order to carry out this task the following phenological dates from whole Poland were used: emergence, flowering and fruit setting and also the agrotechnical dates: sowing and harvesting from 28 experimental stations of the Research Centre for Cultivar Testing (COBORU) through 1966-2005. On the basis of linear regression analysis the relation between the yield of field cucumber and the analysed agrotechnical and phenological dates was determined, taking into account the trend of the yield from 1966-2005. Moreover, a potential decrease in the yield caused by the delay of phenophases was calculated for both the whole country and for its particular regions. The measure of matching of the regression function to empirical data was the determination coefficient and the regression equation error. Moreover, to determine the share of each of the selected factors in the prediction of cucumber yield partial correlation analysis was used. The obtained results may be used, among other things, in the meteorological protection of agriculture and improvement of new technologies of cucumber field cultivation.

The baking industry is one of the most important parts of the Czech food processing industry.
The Czech baking industry has a bigger price differential compared to other Europe Union bakers than occurs with any other industry. Therefore the Czech government has integrated plans to improve this competitive advantage.
The up-to-date trends are compared with the main European bakery producers and consumers-Germany in this paper. The research is focused on the analysis of the basic factors of supply and demand in the bakery markets of both these countries.
During the recent period of time there have been many researchers from the FBE MUAF in Brno, who focused on the environment in the branch, e.g. Bečvářová (2005), Černíková and Žufan (2004); Chládková and Kudová (2004), Tomšík and Chládková (2005), Syrovátka (2000), Veselská (2005). The research on trade in food is solved firstly by Presová and Tvrdoň (2005).

In the paper an approach to support of strategic management process using the Balanced Scorecard method is discussed. The main focus is primarily directed to the customer perspective as the most important determining factor of today's strategic management. The article suggests general framework for construction of individual performance indicators from this field independently on particular implementation of existing information system in the organization. Methods of gaining necessary information from organization's database and from organization's environment using customer research are considered.

The aim of the study was evaluate the influence of season and sires on profit and quality of embryos after superovulated treatment. Next we evaluated the conception rate after transfer of fresh and frozen embryos.
In 1991-2004 there were used the beef cattle.
Into the basic statistic evaluation it was involved 487 realised embryo recoveries and 2008 realised transfers in 1991-2004. Data for database were obtaining from ETprotocols - ET team Research Institute for Cattle Breeding, Ltd., Rapotin, prof. Říha. The data processing was carried out by means of the common variation-statistical methods.
The best results were achieved in summer (suitable 3.68 ± 3.65; the ratio of the suitable and total: 59.3%) and in autumn (suitable 3.54 ± 3.80; the ratio: 54.48%) and the good results, little different from the summer and autumn results, were achieved in spring.
The average number of the recovered ova of the chosen breeds sires were variable (from 6.60 ± 6.17 in Blonde d'Aquitaine to 17.16 ± 6.66 in Charolais). The most of the suitable embryos was recovered in the donors inseminated by the Hereford breed sires (7.15 ± 6.42). It was evaluated the above-average conception in the Simmental breed (63.43 %).

Companies classified as small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) account for a large proportion of Europe's economic and professional activity. In practice, 99 % of business in the European Union are SMEs, and they provide two-thirds of all private sector jobs. So small firms are, in fact, the real giants of the European economy. Micro-business dominate employment in countries such as Italy 47 % and Poland 41 %, whilst the share of large enterprises in total employment in the United Kingdom is just 46 %.
During the recent period of time there have been many researchers from the FBE MUAF in Brno, who focused on the analysis of the small and medium-sized enterprise, e.g. Nerudová (2006); Nerudová and Bohušová (2006); Kubíčková and Presová (2006); Zrůst and Pyšný (2008); Živělová and Zichová (2002).

The objective of this work was to induce in vitro shoot regeneration as influenced by plant growth regulators and ascertain an effective method of polyploidy induction using colchicine and oryzalin in two diploid cultivars 'Gizela' and 'Black Velvet Scarlet F₁' of Pelargonium × hortorum L. H. Bailey. In both cultivars, benzyladenine (BA) significantly improved shoot regeneration compared to zeatin. The infiltration and the dip methods of explant treatment were used for polyploidy induction. Regenerants were analyzed using the flow cytometry (FCM). In 'Gizela' and 'Black Velvet Scarlet F₁', 10 tetraploids on the level of 2n = 4x were found by the infiltration method. The tetraploidy was determined by the dip method in 4 shoots of 'Gizela' and 11 tetraploids were detected in 'Black Velvet Scarlet F₁'.

The work describes the effect of the atmospheric corrosion upon the mechanical properties of blind rivets. The subject of given research is: corrosion of metal materials, system resistance, design modification and others means of prevention against the corrosion attack. The problem of blind rivets, blind rivet setting, setting equipment, terminology and definitions, characteristic, and special blind rivet setting is also analysed. The experiment itself, the experimental method and the evaluation of the test are described. Mechanism of riveted joint damage produced by galvanic corrosion is proposed. Considerable corrosion damage occurred at combination of the joint members and connected materials with different electrochemical potentials. Exposition to the corroding environment produces release of rivet clam, together with decrease of rivet stiffness. The proof of these mechanisms is documented by functional dependence F - ΔL and metallographic tests.

Current results are presented of allometric yield estimates of the poplar short rotation coppice. According to a literature review it is obvious that yield estimates, based on measurable quantities of a growing stand, depend not only on the selected tree specie or its clone, but also on the site location. The Jap-105 poplar clone (P. nigra x P. maximowiczii) allometric relations were analyzed by regression methods aimed at the creation of the yield estimation methodology at a testing site in Domanínek. Altogether, the twelve polynomial dependences of particular measured quantities approved the high empirical data conformity with the tested regression model (correlation index from 0.9033 to 0.9967). Within the forward stepwise regression, factors were selected, which explain best examined estimates of the total biomass DM; i.e. d.b.h. and stem height. Furthermore, the KESTEMONT's (1971) model was verified with a satisfying conformity as well. Approving presented yield estimation methods, the presented models will be checked in a large-scale field trial.

Effect of addition 6% of linseed oil (designated L06), 6% and 10% of fish oil (R06 and R10) to feed on the fatty acid spectrum of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) was investigated. The basic feedmixture which was used as a control variant (K - 34% protein; 9% fat) and the three with oil addition (L06, R06 and R10) were fed to carp fingerling (43.25 g average weight) for 60 days - from 23^rd April to 20^th June. Before that the fish were fed for 2 month by whey grain and commercial feed for carp fingerling in pond fish-culture (KP feed mixture - 33% protein; 5% fat) at daily feeding rate 1.5% of actually fish mass. This procedure was intended to create feeding conditions closest to those witnessed in market fish farmed in ponds during the vegetation season nevertheless the spectrum of fatty acids present in the fish muscle at the experiment's beginning did not fully correspond to what was observed in carps living in ponds and fed by cereals.
An addition of 6% of linseed oil to the feed lowers the content of the oleic acid and MUFA and, at the same time, it boosts the contents of the α-linoleic acid, n-3 PUFA and the general PUFA in the meat of carp fed on mixtures thus enriched. Additions of 6% and 10% of fish oil to the feed for common carp increases the content of the eicosapentaenoic acid. The 10% addition proved beneficial for also the ratio of n-3/n-6 PUFA. The high content of the docosapentaenoic acid and the general PUFA in the meat of fish as early as the beginning of the experiment resulted in a smaller number of significant changes in the spectrum of fatty acids (particularly the docosahexaenoic acid, PUFA and n-3/n-6 PUFA) found in the fish meat of the L06, R06 and R10 experimental variants.

In 2003-2007 the issue of the forage production and quality on the permanent grassland was researched by the Crop Research Institute Prague, Research Station Jevíčko. The long-term small plot trials with tall oatgrass stand type (Arrhenatherion) were established in 2003 on a fluvisoil. Four types of utilisation were used in the trial: 1. Intensive (I₁) - 4 cuts per year (1^st cut on 15^th May, every next after 45 days); 2. Medium intensive (I₂) - 3 cuts per year (1^st cut on 30^th May, every next after 60 days); 3. Low intensive (I₃) - 2 cuts per year (1^st cut on 15^th June, 2^nd after 90 days); 4. Extensive (I₄) - 2 cuts per year (1^st cut on 30^th June, 2^nd after 90 days) and four levels of fertilizer application: F₀ = no fertilization; F_PK = P₃₀K₆₀N₀; F_PKN90 = P₃₀K₆₀+N₉₀; F_PKN180 = P₃₀K₆₀+N₁₈₀. The overall average DM production of grasslands over five years was 7.19 t.ha^-1. The lowest annual DM production is 6.77 t.ha^-1 during the intensive utilisation (I₁) and it increases towards the extensive (I₄) utilisation to 7.62 t.ha^-1, at all levels of fertilization. Application of phosphorus and potash fertilizers did not have significant effects on grassland DM yield. Application of N-fertilizer increased DM production (P_0.01) already on the level F_PKN90 to 8.49 t.ha^-1, on the level F_PKN180 DM matter still increased up to 9.51 t.ha^-1. Forage quality was highest during the intensive (I₁) utilisation and relatively lowest during the extensive (I₄) utilisation. The intensive (I₁) utilisation of permanent grassland improves OMD (P_0.01), concentration of CP and NEL and decreases fiber concentration (P_0.01) when compared with the extensive (I₄) utilisation. Fertilizing did not affect quality significantly except for CP concentration which increases with N-fertilization while NEL concentration decreases. Optimal utilisation intensity for dairy cows with annual production of 7-8 thousand kg of milk seems to be the intensive (I₁) utilisation with the level of fertilization F_PKN180 for given grass stand (plant society Arrhenatheretum). The forage from the medium intensively (I₂) utilized grassland meets quality parameters for suckler cows at the end of lactation period, the forage from less intensively and extensively (I₃, I₄) utilized grassland is suitable for cows only in the dry period in the form of hay.

We focused on tomatoes for industrial processing due to its economical importance for its lycopene content. The objective of our research is to find the variation of lycopene content in tomato fruits depending upon the length of after harvest storage and thermic treatment, which is inevitable when being industrialy processed. From the point of view of nutritional qualities the most relevant contentual substance of tomatos are carotenoids, included lycopene.
At average for tree following experimental years we learnt significant differences regarding the content of lycopene and the length of storage of tomato fruits. Immediately after the harvest and proccesing tomato fruits contained, at average for tree years, 103.24 mg of lycopene. After 14 days the content of lycopene declined to 46.76 mg.kg^-1 of fresh mass. After 30 days the average value dropped to 29.26 mg.kg^-1. This fact comfirms that boiling respectively thermic treatment increases the content of lycopene in tomato fruits, particulary in our experiment to the value 83.33 mg.kg^-1. At varieties Ladislav, Peto 86, Prémium, Salus the content of lycopene has even risen in comparison with its content up to 48 hours after the harvest. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) belongs to the most signifficant vegetable varieties either for its exploitation in processing industry as well as for its nutritional value with extraordinary beneficial effect for human organism.
Although the content of lycopene is genetically stable attribute, its content in our experiment ranged from 45.39 mg.kg^-1 (Prémium variety) to 77.98 mg.kg^-1 (Zámčan variety), which are significant differences.

The objective of this study is to measure how the viscosity of engine oil changes with temperature. Six different commercially distributed engine oils (primarily intended for motorcycle engines) of 10W-40 viscosity grade have been evaluated. Four of the oils were of synthetic type, two of semi-synthetic type. All oils have been assumed to be Newtonian fluids, thus flow curves have not been determined. Oils have been cooled to below zero temperatures and under controlled temperature regulation, kinematic viscosity (mm²/s) have been measured in the range of -5 °C and +115 °C. Anton Paar digital viscometer with concentric cylinders geometry has been used. In accordance with expected behavior, kinematic viscosity of all oils was decreasing with increasing temperature. Viscosity was found to be independent on oil's density. Temperature dependence has been modeled using several mathematical models - Vogel equation, Arrhenius equation, polynomial, and Gaussian equation. The best match between experimental and computed data has been achieved for Gaussian equation (R² = 0.9993). Knowledge of viscosity behavior of an engine oil as a function of its temperature is of great importance, especially when considering running efficiency and performance of combustion engines. Proposed models can be used for description and prediction of rheological behavior of engine oils.

External environment factors influencing Czech wine production industry went have been significantly changing in the past 20 years. Objective of this paper is to identify and describe selected external environment factors influencing this industry.
Changes in the Czech Republic in 1989 significantly influenced all industries in the Czech economy, including wine production. The most significant include the transition from planned socialistic economy to the market economy, establishment of the Czech Republic (January 1, 1993), entrance European Union (May 1, 2004). For the wine production industry it brought for example opening the domestic market to competition, simplifying international trade with EU-member countries, stabilization of the area of vineyards including the ban on their extension, establishment of the Wine Fund, establishment of non-governmental organisations supporting activities of wine producers (e.g. Union of wine producers of the Czech Republic, National Wine centre, Moravín, Partnership foundation), etc. Significant changes can be found also in the field of wine-marketing and promotion of wines. Wines from the Czech Republic are sold in foreign markets and achieve awards within international trade fairs and wine exhibitions, Czech Republic organises wine trade fairs, e.g. Vinex or Wine and distilled products, Wine fund have registered the trademark "Svatomartinské víno" (St. Martin Wine), etc. Other significant factors identified within macro-environment analysis include continuous changes in wine production technology. Here we can expect that in the future, there will grow the use of PET bottles, which could replace the classical glass bottles, just as it happened in the soft-drinks production industry. Changes happened also in the field of legislature, and were connected with updating the law on winegrowing and wine production, change of the VAT to 19 %, cancellation of the consumption tax on wine or new titles of subsidies.
Also the buyer behaviour goes through a gradual development and it is influenced by many factors. Therefore the paper includes statistical evaluation of dependence between the average monthly wages and wine consumption. Calculated values show a semi-strong positive linear dependence of these two factors.

The phenological study on the onset and duration of individual phenological phases of European larch (Larix decidua Mill.) has been performed using sample trees growing in the research station of the Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, MUAF Brno for altogether 15 years. This study involves also recording of meteorological data. In this region, the European larch is an introduced woody species and its share in the stand composition is approximately 8%.
In European larch, the phenological stages have a markedly periodic character but they are also largely dependent on a complex of exogenous conditions, especially of climatic effects; this was corroborated also in studies on the phenology of other forest tree species growing in this region. Results of this phenological study demonstrated that the spring phenophases were influenced above all by air temperatures while the autumn ones were dependent, besides temperatures and precipitation, also on the duration of assimilation apparatus activities. The onset of breaking of needles occurred between Days 89 and the 110 of the calendar year. A full development of the assimilation area was reached between Days 125 and 150. The onset of individual phenophases was determined by threshold air temperatures, which were markedly different in individual forest trees. This requirement could be expressed at best by the sum of effective temperatures (i.e. air temperatures above 5 °C). In the analysed fifteen-year study period, the sum of effective temperatures for European larch ranged from 1 301.0 to 2 337.0 °C within the period delimited by dates of the flushing and 100-percent fall (abscission) of needles.
Results of a long-term phenologic monitoring of forest woody species may be used when evaluating the condition of forest stands from the viewpoint of expected global climatic changes.

Czech Republic has experienced significant changes on the market with food in last two decades. The paper presents summary of results of conducted analyses focusing on changes in levels of most important food categories, changes in consumer preferences, and suggests what trends we can expect in the near future. The analyses were based on date from Czech Statistical Office Yearbooks, EUROSTAT, INCOMA and GfK, and data from primary researches conducted on sample of total 2522 households in the Czech Republic through questionnaire researches in 2005, 2006 and 2007. The results show that in the Czech Republic, the ratio of expenditures for food out of total consumer expenditures is slowly decreasing and advances to (still lower) level typical for traditional EU countries. We have experienced growth of demand for products with higher added value; customers put more emphasis on perceived quality, longer durability and special product characteristics. Czech consumers increase their consumption of vegetables and fruit, bottled beverages, wine and alcoholic beverages, cheese, they decreased their consumption of meat (in total), milk and potatoes, stagnation was typical for bakery products, sugar and fats and oils. Development in all social classes was very similar. For the future, we can expect growing interest for food products in smaller packages and targeted at specific needs, growing demand for food products with higher added value, consumption of food formerly unusual for the Czech, more frequent out-of-home eating, and growing differences between individual segments of social groups, mainly due to uneven income distribution.

The contribution deals with the principles as well as the economic implications of changes in the agriculture entrepreneurial environment. It denotes, that the vision of the European model of multifunctional agriculture is ever more frequently confronted with new challenges invoked by acceleration of globalization processes. Those qualitatively new requirements to agricultural enterprises behaviour as well as to the state intervention, strictly speaking the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), in the branch in a framework of the global markets development is notified there. On the basis of analyses of individual development stages and the manner, in which this sector has been legislatively and economically regulated, it is possible to document in the history of CAP EU the radical development of the European agrarian sector in general and how the CAP reacted to this development. The development concerned both the very agriculture and the agrarian sector and its economic position and changes of the social environment itself and the selection of adequate regulation tools corresponding to the environmental development and changes of situation. We can see that significant regional and structural differences are still hidden behind aggregated data about average economic performance of the agrarian sector of the EU and that different approach and priorities for solutions to individual issues can be chosen, provided that the issues have been identified and assessed in an objective manner. At the sometime these findings can be an opportunity to consider to what extent the individual member states are able to take over the existing rules and use conditions imposed by directives of the Community and to what extent we are able to actively assess the situation of the world agrarian markets and adequately respond to the development of the economic environment in broader international contexts. Amendments of the above mentioned conditions become new impulses determining the direction and dynamics of development of the economic environment; if we intend to preserve or improve our competitive strength, it is necessary to adequately respond to them.

Polders show an important water-management function in the flood-control protection of watersheds. The course of actual floods in recent decades and effects of the water works on flood flows have proved the suitability of the construction within integrated flood-control measures in particular watersheds of the Czech Republic. To determine the transformation effect of flood-control measures in watersheds mathematical modelling is an important method, which is used not only in the preparation and design of retention areas but also in dealing with the flood protection of towns and villages. Easy verification of other measures in watersheds is also useful. Their implementation can be thus prepared for the future or it is possible to back off the intentions. In our case, a fact is advantageous that the model is operated in the workplace of the Elbe Basin water-management dispatching centre, which is compatible with assessed polders in the partial Elbe watershed, namely in the Tichá Orlice watershed and its partial Třebovka watershed. The polders assessed are situated on the Třebovka stream, which is the largest tributary of the Tichá Orlice river. These dry reservoirs and the increased protective function of the Hvězda pond affect runoff from about 80 km². Within research activities, possibilities were studied to obtain necessary retention areas in existing small water reservoirs. It became evident that the only realistic solution was to increase protective functions of the pond Hvězda. Its present total retention space of 1.4 million m³ can be increased only by 0.35 million m³, however, in combination with the sophisticated lay-out of a new emergency spillway and outlet the whole retention space can be used much more effectively. To obtain other retention areas localities were found out in the whole upper watershed of the Třebovka stream, which fulfilled requirements for placing the adequate capacity of polders. Subsequent modifications of the Třebovka channel in the most endangered villages and towns and their capacity design according to transformation effects of selected reservoirs and measures, determination of their effect and comparison with profiles on the Tichá Orlice are the content of the paper.

Three methods of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) breeding for forage yield in two harvest years on locations in Bredelokke (Denmark), Hladké Životice (Czech Republic) and Les Alleuds (France) were compared.
Three types of 46 candivars¹, developed by A₎ recurrent selection in subsequent generations (37 candivars, divided into early and late group), B₎ polycross progenies (4 candivars) and C₎ geno-phenotypic selection (5 candivars) were compared. The trials were sown in 2005 and cut three times in 2006 and 2007; their evaluation is based primarily on total yield of dry matter. The candivars developed by polycross and geno-phenotypic selections gave significantly higher yields than candivars from the recurrent selection. However, the candivars developed by the methods B and C did not differ significantly. The candivars developed by these progressive methods were suitable for higher yielding and drier environment in Hladké Životice (where was the highest yield level even if averaged annual precipitation were lower by 73 and 113 mm in comparison to other locations, respectively); here was average yield higher by 19 and 13% for B and C in comparison to A method. Highly significant interaction of the candivars with locations was found. It can be concluded that varieties specifically aimed to different locations by the methods B and C should be bred; also the parental entries should be selected there.

New data on the morphology, biology and distribution are given for Stigmella irregularis Puplesis, 1994, a species described after several males from Crimea. A combination of black head, ochreous orange frontal tuft, creamy collar and scape, and hindwing black androconial scales are characteristic of the male. The female specimens collected by the present authors together with males, and described for the first time here, having the same morphological characters combined with the transversal forewing band, have been preliminarily attached to this species. Stigmella irregularis develops in the leaves of Pyrus amygdaliformis Vill., adults were collected near Pyrus elaeagrifolia Pallas, and other Pyrus species are also possible host plants. The indistinctly yellow larva forms a narrow, later only slightly dilating mine, with dropping accumulation in its first half. All other nepticulid species mining on Pyrus spp. show green or greenish white larvae. Judging from the occurrence of adults and larvae, the species either produces two or just one extended generation per year. It is known from Crimea, Croatia, Greece (incl. Crete and Rhodos), and Sicily; here it is reported from Croatia for the first time, and the first exact faunistic data are supplied for Greece.

Because of economical reasons the substitution of maize by feed corn as wheat (Sulamit) and triticale (Kitaro) was revolved in concentrate part of dairy cow feeding rations. The design of mentioned replacement in feeding rations was carried out according to results of previous research (Pozdíšek and Vaculová, 2008) for nutrition experiment. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the possible effects of corn replacement in cow feeding rations on milk composition and properties. The expressively different variants of corn were selected for experiment in comparison to maize (reference). Dairy cows were fed by total mixed ration on the basis of maize and clover silage and hay. Otherwise the identical day feeding rations among cow groups differed only in concentrate portions ((K, control group) maize 1.5 kg, wheat (P1) 2.0 kg and triticale (P2) 2.0 kg (experimental groups)). Group feeding rations 1 (K), 2 (P1) and 3 (P2) had: NEL/kg dry (DM) matter (6.524, 6.512 and 6.491); NL % in DM (17.9, 18.2 and 17.9); fibre % in DM (15.96, 15.74 and 15.72); PDIN/PDIE (1.189, 1.189 and 1.191). The experiment took six weeks, there were included 8, 9 and 9 cows (n = 26) of Czech Fleckvieh breed. Feed groups were well balanced in terms of milk yield, days in milk and number of lactation. The tie stable and pipeline milking equipment were used in experiment. Animals were milked twice a day and sampled at morning milking in intervals about seven days approximately. Cows were relatively healthy in terms of occurrence of milk secretion disorders. Within groups the individual milk samples (in total 182 in experiment) were aggregated into bulk samples (n = 21 = 3 groups × 7 sampling periods), which were analysed on 45 milk indicators, 18 of them were evaluated in this paper. The differences in milk yield were significantly advantageous for K group (15.32 > 14.07 (wheat) or 13.86 kg (triticale) at morning milking), while fat (3.27 < 3.47 or 3.44 %) was lower (P < 0.05). Lactose was not influenced. More important differences were in total dry matter, 12.09 (K) < 12.23 (P1) or 12.40 % (P2). While for wheat was not for triticale was similar effect observed in crude protein (CP) of milk (3.08 (K) or 3.05 (P1) < 3.23 % (P2)). Similar trend was also confirmed in casein (CAS; 2.43 or 2.44 < 2.55 %; from P < 0.05 to P < 0.001 for CP and CAS). There were insignificant differences between groups for casein number, pH acidity, electrical conductivity, Mg and Cu (P > 0.05). Milk specific weight was lowest in P1 (P < 0.01), but this indicator is practically less important. More expressive differences were in somatic cell count (SCC) in geometric mean 249 (P2) > 76 (K) or 72 10³/ml (P1). Because of quite typical high SCC variability in triticale P2 group (in opposite to this low variability in K and P1 groups) it could be caused by chance in animal selection for groups and all values met the standard demand for extra quality of milk. Therefore, it is not necessary to over estimate this result. Milk urea as metabolical indicator was higher in wheat group, significantly (P < 0.05) versus triticale group (23.39 (P1) > 20.80 (K) and 20.50 mg/100ml (P2), but all values lay in respected physiological range (from 20 to 30 mg/100ml). In the Ca case it was significantly hig

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of herd, breed, the age of rams, their semen density, and the type of diluter used on sperm motility during a survival test. The total level of sperm activity of 49 rams was evaluated. A statistically significant effect of the herd, breed, the age of the rams, and the density of their semen on sperm motility after 30, 60, and 90 minutes was determined. Significant differences among herds were detected in the level of sperm activity after 90 minutes of the survival test only, P < 0.05. A significant difference (P < 0.05) between breeds was determined only in the case of sperm activity after 60 minutes of the test. Higher sperm motility during the entire survival test was detected in Bohemia Forest rams. A non-significant difference (P > 0.05) was found in the sperm activity in relation to the age of the rams. Sperm survival during the test significantly differed in relation to sperm density before diluting (P < 0.05). No significant differences among diluters used were confirmed. Relationships among sperm activity before and after diluting and during the entire survival test were confirmed by significant Pearson's correlation coefficients (P < 0.001).

In 2007, when the pilot project of Home State Taxation System should started, but none of the EU Member States applied for, the European Commission has turned its attention to different project in the area of corporate income taxation. The paper presents the problems of consolidation under the system of Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base, which is at present the aim of the European Commission in the area of corporate tax harmonization. Firstly, the paper presents the results of comparative analysis, which have been done throughout the EU Member States. The research was aimed at the area of group taxation schemes availability. Secondly, the paper presents the draft of CCCTB directive in the field of creation of the group for taxation purposes, the rules for access and exit from the group and the rules for calculation of thresholds for voting rights. The different possibilities of group creation are presented on the schemes. The paper also discuss the rules, suggested by the draft directive, which could create legal uncertainty for the companies and could cause the situation in which the companies would not know whether they can consolidate their accounting results or not, or whether they are the member of the group or not. The paper suggests the possible solutions in that area. At the end, there are also mentioned and discussed the methods, which could be used for consolidation under CCCTB system in the EU.