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In advanced markets, IPOs represent an opportunity to obtain the necessary capital for further company development. This form of financing is significant not only for the joint-stock company itself, for which an IPO is an alternative to debt financing, but also for further development of the capital market as a whole. That is to say, one of the fundamental functions of the capital market, the allocation function, is accomplished by means of IPOs. It follows from investigations of the situation in IPOs in the Czech Republic that financing company development through IPOs, which are linked with entrance into the capital market, has not become common practice in the Czech capital market. Comparing the present situation with the situation in international markets, it must be stated that the Czech capital market shows anomalies not only with regard to advanced capital markets such as those in the USA or Japan but also in reference to markets in Central and Eastern Europe. In the past, unfavourable conditions resulting from legislation and the institutional environment were considered the major cause of the long-term low numbers of initial public offerings in the Czech Republic. It follows from the results of the analysis of legislative barriers to carrying out IPOs that in recent years, a number of steps were taken to draw the Czech capital market nearer to the European standard, at least formally. Laws were passed that determine the scope and regulations for entrepreneurial activities of individual subjects, and an independent authority was set up that kept an eye on the transparency of the market and compliance with the given regulations; there are institutional and technical prerequisites available that facilitate trade in securities. Nowadays there are no more any legislative or general economic barriers, designated as significant obstacles for IPO realization in the Czech environment in the past. It depends mainly on approach of individual companies to this form of funding and on assessment of not only all minuses, but also all the pluses connected with IPO. The aim of the present paper is to determine all major prerequisites for successful implementation of an IPO in the Czech capital market.

The paper deals with the importance of Intrastat and Eurostat for mutual trade with goods between EU countries and third countries. It informs about the importance of statistical data for all legal forms of trade companies, multinational companies, public administration institutions and service businesses. It points out that accepting the Czech Republic as a member of EU changed the use of terminology in foreign trade. For goods transactions between EU member states the terms sending and receiving are used, whereas the traditional terminology export - import is used for foreign trade with the third countries.
Paper describes legal regulations including the instructions for statistical data records, specifically the Directive of the European parliament and Council No. 638/2004, appended by the Commission directive No. 1980/2004 and Public notice of the Czech statistical office from 18^th May, 2005. Based on the retrospective view it shows the development of legal regulation and the importance of quoted directive for determining and recording statistical data. It notifies that statistical data are necessary for recognition of the course of integration of the internal market, formation of agricultural policy and adopting anti-dumping measures. Paper acquaints with organisation of statistics within the European Union. It also notifies that statistical system includes also the countries of Iceland, Norway, and Liechtenstein.
Results of foreign trade in 2007 show the involvement of the Czech Republic in mutual trade with the EU countries, to which 85.22 % of the total value of exported goods was sent, which represents the amount of CZK 194 056 per inhabitant of the Czech Republic. In the same year, goods of the total share of 69.90 % was received from the EU countries, which represents the amount of CZK 162 021 per inhabitant. Our most important trade partner is Germany, with which we have reached the turnover of CZK 1 429 986. According to the goods nomenclature, the highest share was exported in the case of motor vehicles (18.25 %), and machines and equipment (11.90 %).
Calculation was done using the method of vertical and horizontal analysis. Authors got to the conclusion, that the use of these methods only is insufficient for evaluation of the mutual trade relations' dynamics. Total values have to be recalculated to a comparable indicator, which is one inhabitant of a particular country.

Publicly traded companies prepare their consolidated accounts in conformity with the international accounting standards (IAS/IFRS) in accordance with the Regulation No. 1606/2002. This is obliged for all publicly traded joint-stock companies in the Czech Republic. Other companies prepare financial statements in accordance with national accounting standards. There are Accounting Act No. 563/1991 of Coll. and Regulation No. 500/2002 of Coll., Czech Accounting Standards in the Czech Republic. Both systems are based on different principles so there are many differences. The Czech Accounting System (CAS) is based on the rules while IAS/IFRS are based on principles (Kovanicová, 2005). These differences are mainly caused by the different philosophy. CAS prefers the fiscal policy to the economic substance while IAS/IFRS prefere the economic substance. One of the most significant differences is in the field of revenue recording. There are two standards concerning the revenues recording (IAS 18 - Revenue, IAS 11 - Construction Contracts) in IAS/IFRS. CAS 019 - Expenses and Revenue are dealing with the revenue recording in the Czech Republic.
The paper is aimed at the comparison of the methodical approaches for revenue recording used by IAS/IFRS and by CAS. The most important differences are caused by the different approach to the long term contracts (construction contracts, software development contracts) revenues recording.

The paper evaluates drinking water quality on selected dairy farms on the territory of the Czech Republic. The drinking water samples were collected in the farm milk storage rooms of 30 farms with subsequently made analyses. The pre - selected chemical and microbiological indicators were stated according to the regulation No. 252/2004 Coll. (pH, conductivity, chemical oxygen demand, colour, turbidity, Fe, ammonia ions, nitrites, nitrates, colony count growing at 36 °C, colony count growing at 22 °C, coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Zn, Cu, Mn, Pb, Cr and Ni). The statistical evaluation was performed in the obtained data file and these data were compared with the limit values given by the regulation. The nitrate content ranged between 1 and 40.7 mg L^-1 with an average of 15.6 mg L^-1. The pH values varied from 5.71 to 8. The chloride concentration geometrical means was 7.57 mg L^-1. The Ca average concentration 58.5 mg L^-1 was in the middle of the recommended interval 40-80 mg L^-1. The geometric means in Mg content was 7.9 mg L^-1 being under the recommended value 20-30 mg L^-1. The Cu, Pb, Cr and Ni limit values were not exceeded. The limit values in microbiological analyses were exceeded 18x in coliform bacteria, 10x in enterococci, 5x in Escherichia coli. The microbiological colonies growing at 36 °C exceeded limit 9x, those growing at 22 °C 5x.
Further, differences are compared between the organic and conventional farms, and between farms producing milk in different type of LFAs (less favourable areas) and farms not included in these areas. The difference found out between the chloride concentrations in organic (6.56 mg L^-1) and conventional farms (18.2 mg L^-1; p < 0.05) was statistically significant. Locality or altitude, where a given far is situated, were another classifying criterion. A significant dependence was only found out in nitrate content, which decreased (p < 0.05) with increasing altitude (the correlation coefficient value -0.39). It can correspond with the soil use decrease - a lesser fertilization intensity. Statistically significant differences were found out in hardness value as well as in Ca, Mg contents connected with that in all reference criterions. The hardness was clearly lower (1.13 mmol L^-1) in organic farms as compared with concentration 2.27 mmol L^-1 in conventional ones. It is, however, only a supplementary indicator according to the respective regulation. No statistical significance was found among microbiological finding values in any case.

Bog pine (Pinus uncinata DC. subsp. uliginosa (Neumann) Businský) is a subendemic species and appears to be one of the most endangered tree species of the Czech Republic. Its rare populations are at the present time greatly endangered namely by spontaneous hybridization with the Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Regarding the fact that its protection is insufficient even in national nature reserves (NNR) and the classical propagation by cuttings is problematic, modern methods were adopted for a long-term preservation of the taxon. Growth regulation conditions were investigated for the induction of organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis. Mature seeds were obtained from selected trees in the Žofinka NNR and from a locality near the village of Krajková in the Sokolov district. Cotyledon and hypocotyl segments from seedlings pregerminated in sterile conditions were used to induce the organogenesis. Bud proliferation was observed on the cotyledons after 4 weeks. The largest amount of buds was found on the medium with 1.5 mg.l^-1 benzyladenine (BA) and 0.5 mg.l^-1 1-naphtylacetic acid (NAA) after 12 weeks. The hypocotyl segments showed only the formation of green callus. Isolated mature zygotic embryos were used for the induction of somatic embryogenesis. Development of mucilaginous callus was recorded after 3 weeks of cultivation on media with different combinations of BA, NAA and 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) concentrations. When the callus induced on the medium with the combination of 0.56 (1.13) mg.l^-1 BA and 1.86 mg.l^-1 NAA was transferred on the medium with lower BA (0.113 mg.l^-1) and 2,4-D (0.44 mg.l^-1) concentrations, the first somatic embryos started to emerge after a period of other two weeks.

Methods for determination of free water content in poultry meat are described in Commission Regulation EEC No 1538/91 as amended and in ČSN 57 3100. Two of them (method A and D) have been validated in conditions of a Czech poultry processing plant. The capacity of slaughtering was 6000 pieces per hour and carcasses were chilled by air with spraying. All determinations were carried out in the plant's lab and in the lab of the Institute of Food Technology. Method A was used to detect the amount of water lost from frozen chicken during thawing in controlled conditions. Twenty carcasses from six weight groups (900 g-1400 g) were tested. The average values of thaw loss water contents ranged between 0.46% and 1.71%, the average value of total 120 samples was 1.16%. The results were compared with the required maximum limit value of 3.3%. The water loss content was in negative correlation with the weight of chicken (r = -0.56). Method D (chemical test) has been applied to determine the total water content of certain poultry cuts. It involved the determination of water and protein contents of 62 representative samples in total. The average values of ratio of water weight to proteins weight W_A/RP_A were in breast fillets 3.29, in legs with a portion of the back 4.06, legs 4.00, thighs 3.85 and drumsticks 4.10. The results corresponded to the required limit values for breast fillets 3.40 and for leg cuts 4.15. The ratio of water weight to proteins weight W_A/RP_A was correlated with the weight of chicken for breast fillets negatively (r = -0.61) and for leg cuts positively (r = 0.70). Different correlations can be explained by the distribution of water, protein and fat in carcasses. The evaluation of methods in the parameter of percentage ratio of the average value to the limit showed that method D (results were at the level of 97% of the limit) was more exact than method A (results were at the level 32% of the limit) but it is more expensive. Both methods were tested with the same technological equipment and at the same time. As far as the validation is concerned, it can be concluded that no substantial modification of methods is necessary.

The article deals with current problems of the conflict of domain names on the Internet with trade marks in relation to the consumer protection. The aim of the article is to refer to ways and means of protection against of the speculative registration of a domain name. In the Czech legal order these means represent legal regulation of the unfair competition in Commercial Code, regulation of liability for damage together with the Trademarks Act.

Conformity Assessment of construction products is in accordance with EU concepts enabling free movement of goods within member states. The construction products (i.e. also construction product based on wood) which are liable to conformity assessment are listed in the Governmental Decree No. 312/2005 Coll. and Governmental Decree No. 190/2002 Coll. (technical requirements for construction products with CE marking). The European harmonised standards (both issued and prepared) have immediate influence on methodologies of Conformity Assessment. Methodologies and requirements on products during this process implicate also requirements on Notified Bodies and producers. The aim of the first stage of the research was to analyse the present state in this field and relations taking place during preparation and implementations of harmonised standards.

The valuation of assets is a relatively challenging activity as well as a scientific discipline having an impact on the amount of the reported assets and economic result process. The report deals with the issue of valuation of the tangible fixed assets in the accounting entities compiling the financial statements pursuant to the Czech national legislation and in conformity with the requirements of the International Accounting Standards IAS/IFRS and US GAAP. The substantial differences in the definitions and valuation of the tangible fixed assets in these systems have been determined, indicating the impact on the economy of the accounting entity, both at the primary acquisition and as at the day of the closing of books. Attention has also been paid to the possibilities of recording the value decreases and to subsequent expenses. The analysis of legal regulations was completed with the analysis of the financial statements from selected economic entities. As per the international standards, the main difference consists in the possibility of component depreciation of tangible assets or, on the other hand, the possibility of group depreciation, in the differences in valuation in the event of acquisition paid for and of acquisition by one's own production, and in the possibility to consider the costs of disposal of assets. The subsequent expenses are also construed in a different manner: as per the Czech regulation, they are construed as repairs and maintenance. The substantial difference in comparison with the Czech regulation consists in the possibility of re-valuation of assets upwards as well as the method of actual value determination.

Our contribution deals with the problems of teachers' training courses at the Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno. It is divided into three basic areas. At the beginning it contains legislative framework of teachers' training in the Czech Republic which is followed by description of the teachers' training courses at the Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno as well as its further development.

The paper focuses on the viniculture sector in the Czech Republic in the stage of its adaptation to the united EU-market. The period before the entrance of the Czech Republic to the EU can be characterized by an effort to develop the necessary resources for its quantitative and qualitative growth at the maximum possible level. Evaluation of this period comes from analysis of: legislature and governmental and EU laws, directives and measures, development of the area of vineyards, human resources and businesses, wine market in the Czech Republic and the European Union, financial support of winegrowing and wine-production, structure of wine production, and price of grapes. Legislature for this sector had been changed in relation to the legislature of the EU - the main impacts being in registration of vineyards, the ban on new planting. Area of vineyards was enlarged by about 7 thousand hectares, and the main focus in the near future will be directed to their renewal - because of the age of the vineyards and bad heritage from the past in terms of low investments. The size structure of business subjects changed as well. Production potential is 19.3 thousand hectares of vineyard, there is filed more than 18 thousand wine-growers and nearly 600 wine producers. There is a potential for 20 thousand jobs in this sector, and considering the limited production area of vineyards, this projects into a high influence on the character, and development level of these areas. Consumption of wine is gradually increasing (16.5 litres per habitant per year, as yet). Prices, which were found, are relatively stable in the period of focus, with differences between white and blue varieties. Whereas the financial support of winegrowing was focused on enlarging the area of vineyards, in the pre-accession period, it is redirected to the restructuring of vineyards, integrated production of grapes, and reproduction of vines, in the current period. Wine imports constantly outweigh the exports in volume and value. Prices of grapes have been stable, in the past three years, but the price in 2005 was negatively influenced by wine imports. The analysis is summarized using the industry attractiveness evaluation matrix. It evaluates the selected influences with regard to the wine-production industry, which is evaluated as not very attractive, especially due to the low profitability of winegrowers, excessive regulation, and differences in financial support in different EU-member states.

The orientation of the research work for the exploitation of the preventive tools for the decrease of biodegradable waste comes out from the requirements, which are reposed on Czech Republic as a valid member of European Union. The Czech Republic have to follow the legislative requirements, which are defined for the waste treatment, in this case it deals with the EC Landfill Directive (1999/31/ES). The directive undertakes for the EU members to limit the volume of the biodegradable waste on the landfills. The main sense of this restriction is to reduce the volume of the emitted gas, mainly methane, into atmosphere. Therefore, it was assigned the Waste Management Plan of the Czech republic, which states in the interest of the strategic goals (the decrease of the specific waste production independently on the level of the economic growth, the maximal waste exploitation as a reserve of the primary natural resources and the minimalization of negative impacts on human health and environment by the waste treatment) the goal achievement in its binding part, what's the decrease of maximal volume of the biodegradable municipal waste deposited in landfills, thus the rate of this element will be the most 75% weighted in 2010, the most 50% weighted in 2013 and the most 35% weighted from the total volume rised in 1995. One of the ways, how to achieve the required reduction of the waste volume deposited in the landfills, is consistent exercitation of the preventive methods and the sound agricultural and sound operating practice methods. The main goal of the work consists in creation of methodics for the make prognosis of the region development charging by the biodegradable waste in the preventive tool exploitation. I identified the typical sources of biodegradable waste and the key areas of their uprise after the evaluation of environmental gains of the selected preventive projects by the creation of methodics. After this manner of data acquirement, I proposed and defined the indicators, which serve for the creation of model database of environmental gains in the regional measure, especially collection area of landfill.

The paper deals with the introduction of the new EU legal form of corporation - Societas Europaea (SE) and its tax and legal aspects. It identifies the basic legal regulations and possible ways of SE establishment. The paper tries to analyse all the changes of the directives in the area of taxation connected with SE implementation. It points out that even though the SE means the simplification in the area of company law, the problems connected with taxation still continue, because of the lack of common regulation and correct implementation. As a result in the area of taxation SE is facing the same problems as any other company. The paper further discusses the possible solutions and suggests that common consolidated tax base for the SE could increase not only the effectiveness and competitiveness of the companies themselves but also of the EU in worldwide.

The orientation of the research work for the exploitation of the preventive tools for the decrease of biodegradable waste comes out from the requirements, which are reposed on Czech Republic as a valid member of European Union. The Czech Republic have to follow the legislative requirements, which are defined for the waste treatment, in this case it deals with the EC Landfill Directive (1999/31/ES). The directive undertakes for the EU members to limit the volume of the biodegradable waste on the landfills. The main sense of this restriction is to reduce the volume of the emitted gas, mainly methane, into atmosphere. Therefore, it was assigned the Waste Management Plan of the Czech republic, which states in the interest of the strategic goals (the decrease of the specific waste production independently on the level of the economic growth, the maximal waste exploitation as a reserve of the primary natural resources and the minimalization of negative impacts on human health and environment by the waste treatment) the goal achievement in its binding part, what's the decrease of maximal volume of the biodegradable municipal waste deposited in landfills, thus the rate of this element will be the most 75% weighted in 2010, the most 50 % weighted in 2013 and the most 35 % weighted from the total volume rised in 1995. One of the ways, how to achieve the required reduction of the waste volume deposited in the landfills, is consistent exercitation of the preventive methods and the sound agricultural and sound operating practice methods. The main goal of the work consists in creation of methodics for the make prognosis of the region development charging by the biodegradable waste in the preventive tool exploitation. I identified the typical sources of biodegradable waste and the key areas of their uprise after the evaluation of environmental gains of the selected preventive projects by the creation of methodics. After this manner of data acquirement, I proposed and defined the indicators, which serve for the creation of model database of environmental gains in the regional measure, especially collection area of landfill.

Work called "Selected Aspects of landscape ecology in process land consolidations" aims at providing analysis of some parts of the process of land consolidations. The goal of this work is to analyse and evaluate two aspects of landscape ecology - evaluating the development of the agricultural land creation and the face of a landscape.
In order to achieve the above-mentioned goals a model area located in Zlín region was used in the thesis. It is an area registered as Kvítkovice near Otrokovice and a district of complex land consolidation called Kvítkovice.
After thoroughly studying theoretical sources and performing field explorations and after their consequent synthesis, several analyses were carried out and methodical solution was suggested. By comparing time series of the model area development, i.e. by the so called evaluation of the intensity of changes of agricultural land exploitation, one can learn from the history and can look for the causes of current discrepancies. This evaluation can be used as the basis for finding the solution for current problems and land proposals.
The above mentioned was complemented with the face of a landscape evaluation.
The work concludes with stating that today it is necessary to rationally regulate landscape and exploit it in such a manner that it is productive, functional, active but also "beautiful" for its users in the long term - land consolidations are the ideal tool for achieving that.

The article describes alternative methods of fuel consumption measurement based on model with using the diagnostic outputs of engine control unit. On-board diagnosis (the second level, known as OBD-2) has been mandated by government regulation because of advanced damage control systems in newer cars. However, its signals can be used for accurate analyses of power or torque measurement. On-board diagnostics offers many various parameters such a spark advance, intake air temperature, coolant temperature, throttle position, air flow mass and so on. Many of them have been unavailable without using sophisticated and expensive instrumentation. In the article are described two ways of fuel consumption measuring which are based on intake air consumption and knowledge about air-fuel ratio. First of them is founded on voltage output of oxygen sensor, the second on short (long) term fuel trim. As is shown at the end the second way gives more accurately results.

The article deals with the theoretical classification of "classic" capital market securities, i.e. corporate stocks and bonds. Its aim was to make a detailed analysis of the individual types of these securities from the viewpoint of their main characteristic features, and to look for possible ways of systemizing them and distinguishing them as unambiguously as possible. As the aim of this analysis was to identify the most important and typical properties of not only corporate stocks and long-term bonds that are commonplace in investing but also of those that are rare on financial markets, the analysis was made from a global viewpoint, i.e. without regard to the individual countries' legislative conditions.
The analysis focused, above all, on looking for ways to construct the individual types of stocks and bonds and of the most important rights connected with them. Using the obtained results, these types were mutually compared and possible ways of their systemization were explored. Taking into account these facts, certain significant properties (which, however, concern all securities in general, such as "issuer type" or conditions of transferability/ways of tradeability) were intentionally abstracted.
The result of the analysis confirms the meaningfulness of certain existing theories concerning the existence of three relatively different groups of "classic" securities: common stocks, preferred stocks, and bonds. At the same time, the analysis has shown that as far as this classification is concerned, it is based mainly on the function of the securities, which means that the properties regarding their structure and legal content are covered only partially. This is also proved by making a proposal for a comprehensive systemization, which shows that on the current financial market there are many situations when (except the legal identification) it is difficult to judge from the particular properties of a security whether it is a bond or a stock, or (in the latter case) which type of stock it is. For the above-mentioned reason, the conclusion stresses the necessity to create at least partly harmonised international legislation in the given area, and presents recommendations for the establishment of the fundamental part of a harmonised system of legislation, which increasingly appears to be essential.

Toxicity of Cr^VI is a basic problem of chromate conversion layers. This paper refers to regulation EU, which limit occurrence Cr^VI. Purpose of experiment is alert to alternative anticorrosive inhibitors without Cr^VI. Alternative inhibitors are on the base Cr^III. These inhibitors protect probably similar mechanism as chromans with Cr^VI.

The Czech Republic is part of integrated domestic market of the European Union and it is abided by rules of the Common agricultural policy for the common organization of the market for single sectors of commodities in case of agrarian products. All Czech commodities have free access on the whole territory of domestic market of the European Union without the tariff and non-tariff barriers. It was abolished the customs procedure, the proving of the origin and the founding of bonded warehouse and the paying of licence fee and charges for certification. The Czech farmers (vine-growers) can operate in stabilized business environment on the basis of definite rules of economic competition.
The Czech Republic within a regulation of an agrarian trade must manage common regulations of a horizontal character and vertical regulations for the sectors of commodities after the integration into the EU. The regulation is executed through the common organization of the market. The common organization of the market in wine is based on three principles - regulation of the supply, regulation of the wine quality and regulation of the market.
These rules are concerned with domestic market, when the commodities move within European Union and within foreign trade, when commodities are transported a frontier. The regulation of external agrarian trade, which is concerned with conditions of import and conditions of export, is executed through the so-called trade mechanisms. The import licence and export licence, export aid and guarantee belong among these mechanisms of regulation. The intervention purchases, sales, support of private storage and so on belong among basic tools of regulation of domestic agrarian market.
The paper is focused on an analysis of the problems of the common organization of the market in wine and its impact on the wine-growing industry in the Czech Republic.

This working paper seeks to define perspectives of the functioning of the Stability and Growth Pact as a tool for regulation of national fiscal policies through analysis and description of legal acts regarding the Pact and through analysis and statistical evaluation of the compliance of the EMU States with requirements for fiscal discipline. The first part brings the description of the Pact's functioning mechanism and defines its weaknesses (e.g. extensive role of the Council). The second part tries to analyse and statistically evaluate how the Member States complied with the provisions of the Pact during the years 1999-2003. The results are compared with the most mentioned shortcomings of the Pact. In the concluding part the paper discusses proposals for a change of the Pact and tries to estimate perspectives of its functioning in the future.