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The importance of convergence in foreign trade is mentioned in the theory of optimum currency from the very beginning. Also the OCA index incorporates two basic aspect of foreign trade. The territorial reorientation is always characteristic for new EU-members and this process was already accomplished by most of the new EU-members. The more developed associated countries are already at the level of EU-members. The commodity orientation is connected highly with the competitiveness and level of development of the whole economy and the shares of sophisticated product in exports reflect it. Hence the evaluation was concerned on the manufactured goods, SITC group 7-Machinery and transport equipment and the high-technology intensive products. From viewpoint of commodity structure the countries joining EU in 1995 are the most successful. They are closely followed by the other EU-members. The new EU-members of 2004 are lagged, the lag is getting wider with the rise of technology intensity. Only the Czech Republic and Hungary are able to compete with the older EU-members. The commodity convergence of EU countries is runs very dynamically in new members, the shares of other EU countries are almost constant. The results of intra-industry trade also reflect the lag in competitiveness of economies under transition. The transition countries are very heterogeneous in the intra-industry trade as well. The internal structure of transition countries is similar to result obtained when assessing the commodity structure.

A community of weeds and crops is affected by a number of factors, including, among other things, also tillage. In the years 2000-2002, the composition of weed species in rape stands was evaluated on the fields with the total area of 551 hectares (1 hectar equals to some 2.47 acres). The evaluation was carried out with the application of methodology developed by Kühn (1982). On the fields located in the cadastral area of Olomouc - Holice, which had been cultivated in a traditional manner, 115 relevés were recorded. On the fields in the cadastral area of Bohuňovice, which had been cultivated with the application of reduced tillage, 97 relevés were recorded and evaluated. All of the above fields were subjected to the application of chemical agents reducing the occurrence of weeds. The data thus received were processed by means of multidimensional analysis of ecological data with the application of a RDA method (Redundancy Analysis). In the course of three years, 75 weed species were found on the fields under conventional tillage, on the average, 8.2 species per a relevé, while 66 weed species were found during the same period of time on the fields cultivated by means of reduced tillage, on the average, 8.6 species per a relevé. The application of RDA analysis enabled us to sort out the selected species of weeds (i.e. those the frequency of occurrence of which exceeded 15 %) into three groups. The conditions provided by the conventional tillage appeared to be more satisfactory for the weed species included in the first group (Arctium tomentosum, Elytrigia repens, Helianthus tuberosus, Chenopodium album, Lolium perenne and Papaver rhoeas). The species included in the second group, i.e. Alsinula media, Apera spica-venti, Atriplex patula, Bromus sterilis, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Equisetum arvense, Fallopia convolvulus, Myosotis arvensis and Thlaspi arvense., responded to reduced tillage by the increase in cover or by increased frequency of occurrence. The third group consists of species such as: Cirsium arvense, Chamomilla recutita, Galium aparine, Lactuca serriola, Matricaria maritima, Triticum aestivum and Viola arvensis. Their cover and frequency of occurrence were in a more degree influenced by factors different from the type of tillage. The manner of tillage appears to be only one of a number of factors that affect the occurrence of weed species. It influences them together with other factors and it is a factor of polyfunctional nature.

The paper deals with industry analysis of winegrowing and wine-production in Bulgaria and in the Czech Republic. The analysis is more focused on winegrowing and wine-production in Bulgaria with the aim to present the less known information.
The annual production of wine in Bulgaria amounts for about 2 million hectoliters, being mostly processed by industrial producers, even though the area of productive vineyards is decreasing by almost 33% to the level of 100 000 hectares. Czech Republic has a lower area of vineyards than Bulgaria, and thanks to the higher yields per hectare it produces about 0.5 million hectoliters of wine. Wine consumption is also different - Czech Republic reaches about 75% of consumption in Bulgaria.
Bulgaria, unlike the Czech Republic, belongs to the wine-export countries, especially focusing on exports of bottled red wine. The most important importers of Bulgarian wine - bottled and cask - are Poland, Russia, Great Britain, and Germany. The average prices of exported bottled wine oscillated around USD 1 per liter, in the monitored period. In case of the cask wine, the prices are almost 50% lower. The prices of wines imported to Bulgaria are slightly lower than prices of wines being exported from Bulgaria. Most of the wine was imported from Moldova and Macedonia, Hungary, and Poland.
The wine foreign trade balance of Bulgaria and Czech Republic is active for Bulgaria, which exports about 24 thousand hectoliters of wine to the Czech Republic. Exports of Czech and Moravian wines to Bulgaria are minimal.

The paper analyzes the current situation and the development in the wine production sector in the Germany and compares it with the situation in the wine production sector in the Czech Republic. The aim is to find identical trends and differences in the production and consumption of wine and foreign trade with wine in the both countries. The aim also is to define the main opportunities and threats for German wine producers in the Czech market and for Czech wineries in the German market.
The domestic production is not able to cover the domestic consumption of wine in the both analyzed countries that is why wine is necessary to import. The domestic production covered only 52% of the domestic consumption in the Germany and only 41% of the domestic consumption in the Czech Republic in the analyzed years on average. The proportion in the production of red and white wine is identical in the Germany and in the Czech Republic as well (in the Germany in 2002 white wine 65%, red wine 35%; in the CR white wine 72%, red wine 28%). There is also the unbalanced foreign trade with wine in the both countries.
The main difference of the Germany and the Czech wine market is possible to find in the size of the both markets. The German wine market is twelve times bigger according to the total consumption volume; the average annual consumption of wine varied about 24 litres per inhabitant. In the Czech Republic the wine consumption was increasing in the last 10 years, though the average year consumption of wine was only 14 litres per inhabitant in 2002.
In contrast to the Czech Republic the Germany has very high stocks of wine (in 2001/2002 the wine stock was 14765 thousand hectolitres; 74% of domestic consumption), and very high share (94% in 2002) of the merging wine on the total production as well.
The paper is a part of solution of the grant awarded by the Ministry of agriculture (NAZV) No. QF 3276 and it focuses on environmental analysis of the wine-production industry in the Czech Republic.

Agriculture is not any more viewed only as an industry ensuring nutrition of population, but also its non-production benefit has growing importance. This holds especially for the areas with extensive agriculture, where main product of agriculture is landscape preservation and restoration, and other environmental and social benefits, and where agricultural production is neither main objective nor source of income of agricultural producers. Especially in Europe, where agriculture historically played an important role in landscape formation and determined the development of social structures in rural regions, becomes this non-production function of agriculture more and more important. For a possibility to assess multifunctionality of agriculture is necessary to analyse both production relationships between commodity and non-commodity outputs, and also externalities and public goods connected with this production. First part of the paper is devoted to methodological issues in connection with evaluation of multifunctionality of agriculture, with emphasis on theoretical framework of externalities evaluation. In the following part is presented methodological approach for externalities internalisation at the regional level, coming from supply side.

Gardeners' practical experience and experimental work prove the affirmation that the used substrate is a very important base for the production of quality nursery products. It is important to emphasis the complexity and synergy of all factors influencing the ecosystem and there mutual relations. Physical, chemical and biological properties do not separately affect the growth and development of plants. In addition, the relations are not statical but differ in relation with other factors changes. This article is dealing with the possibility to use waste material from timber processing in cultivation substrates. The large scale use of such substrates would enable people to reach a relative independence from peat substrates, of which the global reserve is gradually decreasing.
Our research activities focus on the use of bark. The basic problems of a bark substrate are easy dehydration and unbalanced nutrition of trees and shrubs. The suggested and experimented cultivation technology solves these problems. It is based on the cultivation of woody species in bark substrates, using modern irrigation systems, slow release fertilisers (Silvamix Forte) and special soil conditioners (TerraCottem). This technology was tested on the following species of trees and shrubs: Malus and Buxus.

The Czech Republic is part of integrated domestic market of the European Union and it is abided by rules of the Common agricultural policy for the common organization of the market for single sectors of commodities in case of agrarian products. All Czech commodities have free access on the whole territory of domestic market of the European Union without the tariff and non-tariff barriers. It was abolished the customs procedure, the proving of the origin and the founding of bonded warehouse and the paying of licence fee and charges for certification. The Czech farmers (vine-growers) can operate in stabilized business environment on the basis of definite rules of economic competition.
The Czech Republic within a regulation of an agrarian trade must manage common regulations of a horizontal character and vertical regulations for the sectors of commodities after the integration into the EU. The regulation is executed through the common organization of the market. The common organization of the market in wine is based on three principles - regulation of the supply, regulation of the wine quality and regulation of the market.
These rules are concerned with domestic market, when the commodities move within European Union and within foreign trade, when commodities are transported a frontier. The regulation of external agrarian trade, which is concerned with conditions of import and conditions of export, is executed through the so-called trade mechanisms. The import licence and export licence, export aid and guarantee belong among these mechanisms of regulation. The intervention purchases, sales, support of private storage and so on belong among basic tools of regulation of domestic agrarian market.
The paper is focused on an analysis of the problems of the common organization of the market in wine and its impact on the wine-growing industry in the Czech Republic.

Livestock industry and organization for animal wellfare underlie the need for drug and nutrient delivery systems for ruminants that protect active ingredients from ruminal fermentation. To deliver drugs or nutrients directly to the small intestine for absorption, therapeutical systems must meet the safety and cost criteria. An effective post-ruminal delivery system is a prerequisite to implement some significant advances in animal nutrition and health in ruminants. Comparing with the products developed for human use, cost constraints have impeded the development of effective post-ruminal delivery systems and rumenstable products. This article outlines physiological and technical considerations encountered in the design of effective post-ruminal delivery systems. The requirements and formulation of a pH-dependent rumen stable coating systems and possible future developments will be discussed.

For the Czech insurance industry, it has been 13 years since the passage of the Insurance Act in 1991, which did away with the monopoly and allowed competition in this business sector. In our evaluation, we can state that the positives outweigh the negatives. A relatively high pace of growth in total premiums written was achieved and the ratio of premiums written to GDP increased, up to 4,0% in 2002. In comparison with EU countries, the Czech insurance market is behind in 2 global indicators: the ratio of premiums written to GDP and the share of life insurance in total premiums written. The Czech insurance market must count on greater competition from foreign insurance companies, as the Czech Republic was May 1, 2004, accepted as a member of the European Union.

Based upon analyses of the Common Agricultural Policy development and its economic tools reforming the process of changing is characterised there. It deals with the multifunctionality of agriculture as well as the influence of the CAP on environment of the production tasks of agriculture and food processing industry accomplishment. Paper generalises results of new trends of the agribusiness economic environment development and the opportunity of an effective utilization of production factors in agriculture. It deals with the sources and economic implications of partial enhancement of interest and redirection of support within framework and type of tools of agrarian policy. New quality of structure of relevant information needs and economic support for agricultural enterprises decision making process are pointed out.

This article deals with one-factor and multiple-factor linear models definition of an unemployment rate. As the explanatory variables are considered numbers of registered units of economic subjects to thousand inhabitants separated according to the political economy branch and according to the legal form. Relative to the greatly different sizes of registered units are coefficients of elasticity for average levels calculated for possibility comparison their force. From the branch point of view show industry, building, education, health service and other services relative high elasticity, from the legal form point of view are there state organizations, businessmen and free professions. Multiple models contains variables, which were taken out on the factor analysis base.