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Besides agricultural primary production, the food industry and all other branches of the economy /services/ it is the information and communication technology used in retail that is one of the factors that markedly influence food retail. Therefore it is necessary to analyse the effect of electronic transactions that are used by food retail to attract and acquire other target groups of the consumers purchasing food. Though globally the retail companies (for ex. in Great Britain) invest in this technology heavily in order to increase their competitiveness on the market the food e-business in the Czech Republic has been more or less stagnating, though the recent years have been showing slight increase of interest in this form of shopping. This article identifies both the positive and the negative reasons of this situation. The technological level of computer network and its high accessibility proven by the fact that the vast majority of consumers can use internet for purchasing any kind of goods incl. food can be considered the positive reason. On the other hand the poor offer of food presented on the internet by retailers who - for fear of low demand for other kinds of food - focus mainly on beverages and dry food can be considered one of the negatives. The weakest point here is the timely delivery of goods in unchanged quality. Despite these facts the purchasing of food via internet can still serve well for busy or handicapped customers with limited mobility.

The paper deals with a problem of independent trade in Czech Republic which means small and medium sized retail and wholesale enterprises without capital linkage to big companies abroad. It is especially focused on Czech food sellers trying to compete against transnational companies entering and operating on Czech market. One of possibilities how to face geographically and financially strong subjects is vertical cooperation and creation trade alliances. It means joining individual small and medium sized wholesalers and retailers into one association representing all members. Main advantages of these cooperative structures are lower purchase costs due to common negotiation with suppliers and co-financing of some activities (for example promotion). It is very important to sustain the diversity of retail market because of ensuring and forming competitive environment and offering the miscellaneous forms of retail to final consumers. That is why the main goal of this paper is to find out last changes and contemporary position and structure of the food independent trade alliances with prediction of future development. It is necessary to mention the fact that data is quite difficult to gain for this purpose. There are yearbooks of Czech and Slovak trade where some important information are published namely sales of food trade alliances are used like main indicator to describe and predict their development. A suitable statistic method has to be selected to fulfil the stated goal. Time series and interlay with trend curve seem like the most suitable instrument. In case of individual trade alliances the linear or logarithmic function will be used according to course of sales.

Presented article is focused on additive index partition exploitation at the valuation of financial efficiency of the building and loan associations sector between years 1999-2005. Orientation of this paper continue to the article "Selected aspects of the financial efficiency of the building and loan associations" published in Acta Univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel.Brun., 2006, LIV, No. 6, 2006, ISSN pp. 97-105. Main idea is analysis and evaluation of financial results of the Czech building and loan associations sectors between 1999-2005. For this drift pyramidal representation of indicator ROAA is used. Also effect between partial indicators and synthetic indicator ROAA using additive index partition is investigated.

The paper deals with the analysis of the situation in a sector of small and middle-sized businesses (SMEs) in the Czech Republic, above all the analysis of SMEs in trade. Small and middle-sized businesses are considered to be the base of national economics EU countries. In the Czech Republic 992 132 SMEs was registered in the end of 2004 and in this time there were 1 899 thousands of people employed in SMEs. Small and middle-sized enterprises have 99.85% share in all registered businesses in the Czech Republic in 2004. The outputs of SMEs have increased 13.9% from 2003 to 2004. Small and middle-sized businesses are key subjects in trade; there is a big competition of retail chains. SMEs can use some of development programs and supports, but there aren't any specific supports or programs for SMEs in trade.

Economies in rural regions are characterised by a wide range of economic activities and that in 1990 even in the most rural regions of economically developed countries the agricultural sector accounted for less than 20% of regional labour force (OECD). Non-agricultural activities become dominant in rural regions. Among others, rural tourism and agri-tourism belong to the most frequent types of these activities in rural areas.
However prerequisites and conditions for sustainable regional development and rural and agri-tourism differ between countries economy with long tradition of market economy and countries with transition economies. There are many factors behind this difference, when intensive character of agricultural production even in less favourite areas, which was typical for these areas in transition economies still a few years ago, is one of decisive.
The article addresses the problem of evaluation of sustainable regional development and evaluation of rural and agritourism in the context of various world regions. The three dimensions of sustainable development, the environmental, the economic and the social dimension are equally important and should not be ranked or separated.
Indicator systems and evaluation methods have the potential to play a significant role in the decision making process at a regional level. They can form the basic information that is necessary to allow strategic planning as well as informed participatory processes for the decision among different pathways into the future.

This thesis is focused on preparation of basic elements of the National System for Support of Sustainable Tourism in the Czech Republic and on development of a methodology for ranking of selected tourist services from the sustainable point of view. Its result is planned to be used as a basis for real decisions potentially taken by the Czech government in near future.
The first part analyses and summarises existing approaches worldwide to sustainable tourism, potential benefits and different impacts of tourism in order to specify possible measures avoiding unwanted impacts later on. The need to change towards sutainability in tourism is based on analysis of different policies and documents and a summary of duties of the Czech government (national ones and international ones). There is also a list of the best experiences available how to promote, support and encourage development of sustainable tourism based on analysis of the World Tourism Organisation studies and recommendations, existing EMS systems like ISO, EU ecolabel or methods, approaches, criteria and indicators used by different labels.
Next part defines neccessary elements for successful system functioning in the Czech Republic, based on existing and working governmental and non-governmental structures not forgetting such important activities like information, education, marketing and motivation and sets expected responsibilities and roles of different potential partners participating on the system implementation.
Unfortunately, there is no one certified tourist business in Czechia according to ISO, EMAS or EU flower before end of October 2004. Main reasons are price, missing benefits and motivations for businesses. Therefore an self-assesment questionnaire for a small-scale accommodation is developed. This fits with the "easy to understand, easy to answer". This option is missing in the country and it is understood as a prestep to more sophisticated methods of measurment. The main sustainable criteria are set as "GUESTS", "NATURE RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT" (water, energy, green building, reduction of waste, soft mobility, biodiversity), "LOCAL COMMUNITIES" (culture, economy) and "FUTURE".
The Czech Republic needs to start to implement sustainable tourism policies in practice. It should be organised in wide cross-sector partnership co-operation of profession associations, consumer associations and under the official responsibility of Ministry of Environment and Ministry for Regional Development (responsible for tourism). This thesis has been published in a shorten form during the WTO conference for Europe "Public Private Partnerships for Sustainability Certification of Tourism Activities", taken place in October 2004 in Mariánské Lázně. Based on this presentation, conclusions and results of this thesis will be included in the project "National programme for Sustainability in Tourism". This project will be submitted in the Czech government by both above mentioned ministries before end of 2004.

The topic of this article is focused on problems related to enterprise financial supervising. In the concrete, the situation of enterprise investment policy evaluation is described here. In this case, as a convenient tool for decision support, the approach of artificial intelligence was selected, particularly the model of neuron network.
For the purpose of enterprise economic state evaluation, we use four input variables which describe the economic state. Three main variables are selected and the fourth one is the additional. The coding of main variables is chosen with the respect to the possible states of the enterprise. The multilayer neuron network was used for evaluation.
The neural network can solve problems, which are hardly solvable for a manager because there can exist a lot of factors affecting the final decision. We have to take into account the fact that sometimes the situation is too complex. In this case, when the system gives incorrect result, it is possible to extend the current learning set and add adequate patterns which will help the system to recognize states of the enterprise.

The paper presents results of a statistical analysis of time series obtained in studies on the absolute level, variability, dynamics and developmental trends of selected items of national accounts in the transformation period of the Czech national economy and its transition to a market economy. The volume of gross turnover of goods and services, gross value added, gross domestic product and imports of goods and services were explored a base of final expenditure on the one hand and the volume of final consumption expenditure, gross capital formation, gross national final expenditure and exports of goods and services as factors influencing the volume of total final expenditures on the other. Short-terms point extrapolations were calculated on the basis of applied models of developmental trends within the period 1993-2003.

This paper presents an approach for developing the presentation layer of software applications. The approach is based on the concept of the Model Driven Architecture (MDA) and uses a UML - based model of graphical user interfaces, which is created according to rules defined in a meta - model. The meta - model is not oriented to a particular platform, thus all designed models can be created independently of the programming language and widget library. This platform independent UML based model can be transformed into source - code for an arbitrary programming language and can be used in a software development process.
The meta - model of our approach is an extension of the common UML and provides support for modeling the presentation layer. The meta - model thus fills a gap that exists in modeling three - layered software applications, beside the application and the data layer. By providing this possibility for modeling the presentation layer, we can crucially impact current approaches to the development of three layered software applications. All model artifacts contain essential information about the graphical user interface and can be used for a code generation. Since the UML is widely used by analysts, they can produce models which de-facto represent source code and thus they reduce the workload for programmers, who create source code by some traditional approaches. Our model - based approach also strictly separates the appearance and the structure of graphical user - interfaces and both of them are developed separately, which brings higher modularity of software.
In this paper, we demonstrate our development approach by focusing on the structure of graphical user interfaces. Our approach is influenced by the concept of Model Driven Architecture and we deal with all related issues, such as meta - model, user models, model transformations and source - code generation. For evaluating our approach, we designed and developed a software framework, we integrated it into a generic modeling tool, and used approach principles during the development of a module of an information system.

This article attempted to define a compromise making it possible the satisfaction of the material needs of the populations living within the National park of Salonga while ensuring the conservation of long-term forest resources. The management of the forests requires deepened knowledge of the resources and the participation of the local communities, which are the better, informed on of the forest resources. The implementing of a policy on sustainable forest management would be possible by a better integration and participation of the local populations. A survey was carried out in four villages of the National park of Salonga. The results of the investigation show clearly a positive attitude of the rural populations with regard to the forest resources. The diversity of the needs for the population corresponds to the choice of the products and services of the forest. Overall, the potential of the park's forests is superior in comparison with the needs of the population. The exploitation of the forest products is vast and is included in the category of a system of an economy of collection.

Organic matter balance in the farms located in Ústí nad Orlicí district has been investigated since 1979. As a result, so called need of organic fertilisation, has been determined and the supply of the organic fertilisers to soils, e.g. farmyard manure, slurries and also straw and green manure has been monitored over the whole time period. About 45 % of the arable land area in the district has been monitored.
In addition to the organic matter balance, we determined several soil organic matter characteristics in soil samples (organic C, N and S contents, inert and decomposable C content, hot water soluble C content, hydrophobicity index calculated from the DRIFT spectrometry, available P, K, Ca and Mg contents and pH).
The relationships between the organic matter supply with supplemental sources organic fertilisers and all the selected soil organic matter characteristics were statistically significant. Significant correlations were also found for the relationships between the organic matter need and all the selected soil organic matter characteristics.

Current results are presented of allometric yield estimates of the poplar short rotation coppice. According to a literature review it is obvious that yield estimates, based on measurable quantities of a growing stand, depend not only on the selected tree specie or its clone, but also on the site location. The Jap-105 poplar clone (P. nigra x P. maximowiczii) allometric relations were analyzed by regression methods aimed at the creation of the yield estimation methodology at a testing site in Domanínek. Altogether, the twelve polynomial dependences of particular measured quantities approved the high empirical data conformity with the tested regression model (correlation index from 0.9033 to 0.9967). Within the forward stepwise regression, factors were selected, which explain best examined estimates of the total biomass DM; i.e. d.b.h. and stem height. Furthermore, the KESTEMONT's (1971) model was verified with a satisfying conformity as well. Approving presented yield estimation methods, the presented models will be checked in a large-scale field trial.

The University Agriculture Enterprise (UAE) Žabčice is part of the Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry (MUAF) in Brno and its basic mission is to provide targeted activities for the MUAF in Brno. The UAE Žabčice is unique and quite specific agricultural entity in the Czech Republic, which has been meeting its mission more than 80 years. This fact makes it necessary to cover all processes necessary for the firm to make them more effective, where appropriate, a radical change. The aim of the work is to create a key process "Crop Production in the UAE Žabčice of the MUAF in Brno using the software tool Enterprise Architect, with the assignment of documents to a particular activity. Creating a process model of crop production, presented in this work, indicating the links with other processes, with the allocation of existing documents, it may serve the UAE Žabčice management to implement effective changes, where appropriate, to the fundamental restructuring of internal processes.

The regulation of employee benefit is limited in the Czech Accounting Legislation. There are only short-term employee benefits - wages, salaries, when employees has rendered services to an entity during a period - month. Entities could create funds from a net profit -fund for social and cultural benefits which could serve as source of social services financing for employees. There are employee benefits defined very extensive in IAS/IFRS. It is IAS 19 - Employee Benefits which defines four Gross of employee benefits: short-term employee benefits, post employment benefits, other long -term employee benefits and termination benefits. There are defined all conditions for employee benefits recognition and treatments for recording and reporting in IAS 19.
The paper is concerned with the employee benefits evaluation. The impact on the tax base is evaluated. There are the most significant types of employee benefits surveyed. They are divided into five groups with the respect to their impact on the tax base. The impact of these benefits is described from their impact on social insurance and health insurance calculation base point of view, as well.

In 2002-2006, mapping the goshawk (Accipiter gentilis L.) population was carried out at the SE edge of the Chřiby Upland, the Czech Republic. At the same time, the food spectrum of the predator was determined in detail in 2004. The studied area amounted to about 30 km². In the area, 5 nest localities occurred. Each year five occupied nests were observed. The food spectrum was analysed according to leftovers of food in nests and in the vicinity of the nests. In total, 387 leftovers of food were found. Birds represented 52%, mammals 42% and other animals (insect, reptiles etc.) 6% of prey. The population of goshawk was monitored from the period of a wedding flight to a period when young birds left their nest during the period of five years. The number of eggs was on average 2.9 per one nest. The total number of laid eggs was 73 during five years. The number of brood was on average 2.7 per one nest. Sex ratio was 47/53 per cent in favour of males. The total number of hatched birds was 68 during five years, out of the number 32 females and 36 males. Moreover, dimensions of nests at particular localities were also determined. The diameter of nests was on average 72.2 cm and the mean height of the actual nest was 48 cm. Nests occurred at an average height of 21.3 m.

In 2006-2008, mapping the sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus L.) and kestrel (Falco tinnunculus L.) occurred in the SE part of the Chřiby Upland. At the same time, the food spectrum of these birds of prey was determined during nesting periods. The area under monitoring represented about 25-30 km².
In each of the species, food was always monitored in a period from February to July at four nesting localities. The food spectrum was analysed by the direct observation of birds of prey, according to leftovers of food in the surroundings of nests and in nests of the predators. In Accipiter nisus, the food spectrum consisted of birds (85 %), mammals (3 %) and other animals (12 %). Turdus merula was the most frequent prey. In Falco tinnunculus, the food spectrum consisted of birds (18 %), mammals (76 %) and other animals (6 %). Microtus arvalis was unambiguously the most frequent prey.

The success-ability conception represents a specific approach to company competitive strategy creation. Because of a different philosophy especially as regards the concept of competitive advantages, it requires a specific approach to evaluation of a company's market position from the point of view of its competitiveness. Basic evaluation includes four perspectives evaluating the profile of company competitiveness, suitability of the adopted approach, ability to develop the adopted approach and evaluation from the point of view of the benefit for the customer together with the ability of the competition to imitate the company's approach. This method has application not only in the area of company strategy creation but it can also be used when investigating the competitiveness of companies.

The hyperprolific line is considered to be maximally effective in pursuit of progress in sow's reproduction. Hyperprolific line efficiency is commonly evaluated in regard of breeding herd progress. We decided to study how effective it is with respect to increasing of litter size in multiplication herd. Our study is specific by using the data from practice, concretely it is based on the information about the ancestor of sows in multiplication herd. The ancestors could be the member either hyperprolific line or normal line. The information about performances of sows breed in multiplication herd was known. The mixed linear models in SAS for Windows 9.1.2. were conducted to statistical analysis. Our results indicated that no significant effect on litter size was achieved by selection criteria used in the hyperprolific line creation. In studied population no differences between TNB, NBA or NW were found on the 1^st as well as on the 1^st-5^th litters. As we have mentioned above, the study is specific by using the data from practice. Therefore the studied population size is limited. It is necessary to take into consideration when the results are applied. Nevertheless, the results shown that other studies with larger population should be done to reevaluate the selection criteria.

Aim of the paper is to delimitate a partial procedure in the process of modelling and simulation of decision-making results took by individual market subjects. Article's fundamental is an elemental example of agent system (and derivatively multiagent system) utilization by means of computer technology, which represents so-called computer malingering or computer simulation method. Next to classical word argumentations and mathematically-statistical methods this approach represents a relatively new tool applicable in social sciences (principle of autonomous agent was described in the year 1986).
Application is effected by the help of freely accessible software tool. Model's dynamics consists in random selections of agents pair where probability tells whether they will interact or not. Interaction in this case means copying of so-called cultural characteristics.
Introduced construction's output is verification of predicament which says that taking-over postures, behaviour standards, opinions etc. in population though leads to diffusion of definite cultural pattern, nevertheless doesn't lead to populations' homogenization.
In conclusion the deterministic character of introduced application is being specified. Also the direction of next progress at work with it this construction is being foreshadowed. Authors are aware of multiple enlargement necessity of characteristics variety and values that the characters may take. This goes hand in hand with mounting of whole process to the context with next methods dealing wiht motives forming consumer's decisions.

Aim of this work was to monitor the occurrence of most common parasites of rodents in 13 commercial and hobby breeds. Most often detected protozoans belonged to genera Giardia, Eimeria and Cryptosporidium, tapeworms Hymenolepis nana and H. diminuta, nematods Syphacia obvelata and Aspiculuris tetraptera and mites Ornithonyssus bacoti, Laelaps hilaris and Notoedres muris. Diseases broke out mainly during summer months. In animals with clinical signs of illnesses there was an expectation of parasite presence, and most of them were nematods - 80%, tapeworms - 45.2%, protozoans - 41.1% and ectoparasites - 22%. Samples of animals without clinical signs of illnesses contained nematods - 16%, tapeworms - 11%, coccidians - 6% and ectoparasites - 0%. Besides evaluation of all samples, breeding conditions were evaluated as well. Consequently plan was made to remove the causes of parasitoses for each monitored breed. Most dangerous parasites were coccidians of the genus Cryptosporidium, which caused high mortality of the young animals. In Czech Republic high percent of breeds are contaminated with parasites, however, there is little experience in how to deal with these illnesses. Results are weak and low-quality breeds, especially of mice and common rats. Important protection is buying animals from well-known and verified breed with no signs of illness and also regular control of excrement samples.

There still exist the differences in provision of VAT, in interpretation of VAT provisions and application of the rules in practice between the EU member states. Application of VAT during the supply of goods with installation to other EU member state, both during the existence of establishment in the state of customer and also without it, is considered to be one from the problematic field. Other discrepancies are created by inclusion of the sub suppliers, who can come from other EU member state or from the same state as customer, to this transaction. Questions of VAT application during the supply of goods with installation to other EU member state were processed by using standard methods of scientific work in the frame of five selected EU countries - Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Czech Republic.

The topic of this paper is motivated by the increasing popularity of Economic Value Added (EVA) and by the need to make the managing process of Czech agribusiness firms more efficient. Through adoption of EVA principle, the proponents of EVA argue, that EVA will lead to increased efficiency in the management and allocation of all assets and hence increased shareholder value. Though from the theoretical point of view EVA is seen as a superior performance metric, the results of the most empirical studies do not support this claim. One of the standard argument against EVA superiority results from the statistical survey of the relationship between EVA and traditional performance measures. Despite of the results of the most empirical studies this paper assumes (with regard to the specifics of Czech food processing sector) a difference in information content of EVA and traditional performance metrics. The intent of this article is to provide a simple regression test of the hypothesis that between EVA and traditional performance metrics is not tight linear dependency, which would point out that EVA has the same information content as traditional performance measures. The regression results indicate in all cases a positive correspondence between EVA and financial performance metrics with very low dependency of EVA on the financial metrics, which supports the examined hypothesis.

Presented article is focused on evaluation efficiency of the building and loan associations sector between years 1999-2005 and on identification of the fundamental factors which influence the efficiency of the sector. From the efficiency indicators, ROAA, rate margin, commission margin, cost margin and risk margin were used. These indicators were rated from the building and loan associations accounting data. The criterion for the valuation of the building and loan associations sector were average values of the efficiency indicators achieved in the CZ bank sector as unit in given period. For evaluation of influence individual partial margin significance on ROAA correlation analysis was used.

According to non-existence of mechanical material properties for selected combination of materials it is appropriate to give a notice, that suggested solution should be examined in test-room of furniture by related norms. The suggested verification was finally realized on furniture test-room by Departure of Furniture, Design and habitation and approved availability of suggested numerical solution for defined tasks. If we take into account large amount of variants, which were modelled by this method (and which are not mentioned in this project) without requirements of experimental testing for each suggestion it is appropriate to remind the significant financial saving, due to realized numerical simulations which allowed to find efficient solution and which may not be attainable by experimental way (mainly with regard to financial severity).

The main objective of this paper is presentation of findings gathered through an analysis of items that cause deferred income tax in commercial insurance companies in the Czech insurance market. The evaluation of the subject is focused in accordance with the concept of the presented paper as regards structure analysis of the deferred tax, working with a selection of insurers - members of the Czech Insurance Association. We study, document and evaluate the influence of the deferred income tax being related with the given available income, as well as related to the effective income tax rate in a commercial insurance company. This analysis concerns the evaluation of the present-day degree of transformation and approximation of the Czech system of insurance in the process of harmonization with the European insurance system.

Analysis of response of bed construction on mentioned mechanical loading with geometry derived from design documentation and selected material combination was realized. In terms of discussed results can be say that chosen geometry (combination of material models) is not appropriate. It can be assumed, that stress will exceed strength values in bed side-rail and some failure of cracks can occur. According to the fact that the task does not include free constraints of bed grid and this way probably increases the whole stiffness of construction some solutions present itself for decreasing of carrying-capacity in form of bed side-rail change or adding of supplemental supports to the current construction.
As we mentioned above, parametric model is sufficiently complex for realization of optimization analysis of geometry. However, before this analysis extended investigation of verification of mechanical material properties, which are taking into account for installation of construction, definition of complex way of loading and derivation of appropriate failure criterions for wood construction parts should be considered.

The paper focuses on the viniculture sector in the Czech Republic in the stage of its adaptation to the united EU-market. The period before the entrance of the Czech Republic to the EU can be characterized by an effort to develop the necessary resources for its quantitative and qualitative growth at the maximum possible level. Evaluation of this period comes from analysis of: legislature and governmental and EU laws, directives and measures, development of the area of vineyards, human resources and businesses, wine market in the Czech Republic and the European Union, financial support of winegrowing and wine-production, structure of wine production, and price of grapes. Legislature for this sector had been changed in relation to the legislature of the EU - the main impacts being in registration of vineyards, the ban on new planting. Area of vineyards was enlarged by about 7 thousand hectares, and the main focus in the near future will be directed to their renewal - because of the age of the vineyards and bad heritage from the past in terms of low investments. The size structure of business subjects changed as well. Production potential is 19.3 thousand hectares of vineyard, there is filed more than 18 thousand wine-growers and nearly 600 wine producers. There is a potential for 20 thousand jobs in this sector, and considering the limited production area of vineyards, this projects into a high influence on the character, and development level of these areas. Consumption of wine is gradually increasing (16.5 litres per habitant per year, as yet). Prices, which were found, are relatively stable in the period of focus, with differences between white and blue varieties. Whereas the financial support of winegrowing was focused on enlarging the area of vineyards, in the pre-accession period, it is redirected to the restructuring of vineyards, integrated production of grapes, and reproduction of vines, in the current period. Wine imports constantly outweigh the exports in volume and value. Prices of grapes have been stable, in the past three years, but the price in 2005 was negatively influenced by wine imports. The analysis is summarized using the industry attractiveness evaluation matrix. It evaluates the selected influences with regard to the wine-production industry, which is evaluated as not very attractive, especially due to the low profitability of winegrowers, excessive regulation, and differences in financial support in different EU-member states.

This article is focused on the topic of customer protection. The protection covers insolvency of travel agency and comes out from the Council Directive 90/314/EEC. In the Czech Republic this Council directive is implemented into Czech law through the Act No. 159/1999 Coll. on Conducting Business in Some Areas of the Tourism Sector. Unfortunately, the act is considered to be not up to date therefore novelization is being prepared. The article describes insurance as the one and only customer protection in the Czech Republic. Simultaneously, there are set other possibilities of customer guarantee in case of travel agency bankrupt which are successfully used in other European countries. One part of the article is dedicated to detail analysis of this problem in Great Britain. The result of provided analyses and research - proposal of guarantee model through insurance section which would be a part of Association of Travel Agencies and Tour operators. The goal of the model is to clear away present weaknesses in this field.

The supposed climatic change in the Czech republic has be expressed with an increased occurence of unfavourable extreme phenomenons - floods and drought. This paper is dedicated to the agricultural drought. Irrigation is the most effective protection of crops against drought. The paper presents results of the calculations of the irrigation water requirements (for sprinkler irrigation) with the method of retrospective moisture balance (RVB) for representatives of main sorts of crops, i.e. cereals, technical crops, root-crops, fodder crops, vegetables (concretely perennial wheat, sugar-beet, new petatoes, alfaalfa, cucumbers) in the semiarid regions of the Czech republic (Southern Moravia, South-East Moravia, Middle Moravia, Žatecko and Lounsko, Litoměřicko, Middle Bohemia and Easter Bohemia) represented with 10 technical series (see tab. II) for recent years 1961 - 2000 and to the time horizons of years 2025, 2050 and 2075 with respect to a possible climatic change. The input meteorological data changes (average daily temperatures, daily precipitations and average daily air humidity) for calculations of irrigation water requirements to the introduced time horizons were realized by the help of the outputs of the scenarios for Bohemia and Moravia ascertained with the model of a climatic change HadCM3 (Hadley Centre Coupled Model, version 3). The results of the calculations for an average and a drought year (in tab. III) were the base for the determination of development trends of an irrigation water requirement for choosen crops to the year time horizons 2000, 2025, 2050, 2075. These trends were generally analysed for the all monitored semiarid regions of Bohemia and Moravia by means of regression straight lines (an example is shown in fig. 2). The results gained by means of the regress analysis are in tab. IV. They reflect the fact that the irrigation water requirement has an advancing development trend at all of chosen crops for an average and a dry year with an increase in a future time horizon. Simultaneously it is evident that values of the irrigation water requirements are in an average and a drought year for semiarid areas in Moravia, excepting insignificant exemptions, mostly bigger than these values for semiarid areas in Bohemia. The obtained results show, if irrigation will be expanded in the Czech republic, it's necessary, by taking into an account all the time more accurate informations concerning the climatic change, to dedicate the permanent attention to the irrigation water requirements in semiarid areas of the Czech Republic, not only for separate crops but also for the whole cropping structures. The knowledge of the irrigation water requirements is an important base above all for the assesment of irrigation areas and the size of irrigation water resources.

The objective of the present study is to characterize the rheological properties of peaches according to the results of puncture test force/displacement curves. The measurements were carried out on the universal testing machine. The firmness of the peaches was measured on the equatorial side of the fruit. Four measurements were carried out on each fruit by varying the orientation at intervals by about 90°. The used approach computed six texture parameters from the curves, which were supposed to be representative of skin hardness, fruit deformation before skin rupture, flesh firmness and mechanical work needed to penetrate the fruit. The data were fitted by an exponential function. The correlation is not statistically significant. Its value only support the hypothesis about decrease of the skin strength and other values. Generally, there is a decreases with time from the harvest beginning but the scatter of the data is too high. The results show that used method enables to describe the peach firmness development during the harvest period but the effective use of this method is based on the large number of experiments which are destructive in their nature. Some new approach is briefly outlined.