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The two-year field trial was established in May 2008 on light soil in the cadastre of Ratíškovice near Hodonín in an arid maize-growing production area. Prior to sowing selected soil conditioners were applied in experimental plots of an area of 864 m² as follows: zeolite (a mineral of high sorption capacity), lignite (the youngest coal containing humus substances) and the supplementary soil substance agrisorb (polymer organic compound capable of holding in its structure and subsequently releasing water) and they were incorporated into a profile of 0.15 m. Including the untreated control the experiment involved 4 treatments. The rates of the conditioners were as follows: zeolite - 3 l.m^-2, fraction used 1-2 mm; agrisorb - 20 g.m^-2; lignite - 1000 g.m^-2. Three types of clover-grass mixtures were sown: landscape mixture with an addition of leguminous plants (seeding rate 200 kg.ha^-1), regional mixture (100 kg.ha^-1) and annual mixture (70 kg.ha^-1). The aboveground biomass taken from an area of 0.05 m² was sampled in the stage of bud setting with three repetitions to each treatment.
In 2008 and 2009 the respective treatments did not significantly change the contents of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in the aboveground biomass of the clover-grass mixtures. The differences in the contents of the macro elements were significant only between the individual types of mixtures and were due to their different botanical composition. Between the years 2008 and 2009 no significant differences were discovered among treatments in terms of the contents of P and K in none of the mixtures, but the Mg content decreased in the second year in most treatments by 50 relative % and more. The contents of N and Ca increased significantly in the second year in the regional and landscape mixtures; in the annual mixture also the Ca content. The year-on-year differences however were seen also in the untreated control showing the apparent effect of the year. A longer period of monitoring is necessary if we are to achieve an objective evaluation of the effect of the applied preparations on the chemical composition of the aboveground biomass.

For qualitative and semi-quantitative detection of genetically modified crops we selected the detection of the frequently used promoter 35S CaMV. To optimise the method we used two commercially available genotypes of maize from the company Monsanto (USA), i.e. the transgenic hybrid Bt-maize line MON810 and a genetically non-modified control (isogenic line to MON810). We tested the primers and PCR programmes described by Greiner et al. (2005) and Hernandéz et al. (2005). When applying PCR methods of detection of Bt-maize the first step was to optimise the protocol for the detection of the maize genome and detection of the specific sites of genetically modified MON810 maize. For detection of the maize genome we selected the primers IVR1-F and IVR1-R (invertase gene) which verify the presence of the maize genome by a 226 bp product. For qualitative detection of the insert of Bt-maize MON810 the primer pairs VW01/VW03 (Greiner et al., 2005) and BT03/BT04 (Hernandéz et al., 2005) were used to detect the 35S CaMV promoter. Products of the size 178 bp and 280 bp, respectively, verify its presence. Based on the results of qualitative PCR we selected the primers VW01/VW03 for semi-quantitative detection of the amount of DNA of Bt-maize. For semi-quantitative PCR we have chosen sampling of the amplification product in the 30^th cycle of the PCR reaction. In the genetically unmodified control a detection limit of 1% of admixture of Bt-maize was determined when using semi-quantitative PCR. The same primers as for semi-quantitative PCR were also used for multiplex PCR but with half the concentration of primers for standard PCR. This protocol however will have to be further optimised. The presented results introduce PCR methods for qualitative and semi-quantitative detection of DNA of the genetically modified Bt-maize MON810 which can also be used for other GM crops containing the 35S CaMV promoter. It could be suitable to use these methods for the qualitative detection and/or for screening analyses of the detection of successfulness of transformation experiments.

Reduction of amount CO₂ is possible by carbon sequestration to the soil. Fixation potential of EU-15 agricultural land is c. 16-19 mil t C.year^-1. Amount and composition of post-harvest residues is essential for carbon soil sequestration. Long-term yield series of the most planted crops (winter wheat - Triticum aestivum, spring barley - Hordeum vulgare, corn and silage maize - Zea mays, winter rape - Brassica napus, potatoes - Solanum tuberosum, sugar beet - Beta vulgaris, alfalfa - Medicago sativa, red clover - Trifolium pratense, white mustard - Sinapis alba and fiddleneck - Phacelia tanacetifolia) in various agroecological conditions and growing technologies were used for carbon balance calculation. The carbon balances were calculated for main crop rotations of maize, sugar beet, cereal and potato production regions (24 crop rotations). The calculations were realized for following planting varieties: traditional, commercial, ecological and with higher rate of winter rape. All chosen crop rotations (except seven) have positive carbon balance in the tillage system. Amount of fixed carbon might be increases about 30% by the use of no-tillage system. Least amount of carbon is fixed by potatoes, high amount by cereals, alfalfa and sugar beet. For a short time (months) the crops sequestration of carbon is relatively high (to 4.4 t.ha^-1.year^-1) or to 5.7 t.ha^-1.year^-1 for no-tillage system. From the long time viewpoint (tens of years) the data of humified carbon in arable soil (max 400 kg C.ha^-1.year^-1) are important. Maximal carbon deficit of chosen crop rotation is 725 kg C.year^-1.

The work is focused on characterization of rheological behavior of sewage sludges sampled at different stages of waste water treatment. The main attention was focused on dynamic viscosity dependence on temperature, and shear rate. The sludge samples were examined under temperature ranging from 1 °C to 25 °C and under shear rate ranging from 0.34 s^-1 to 68 s^-1. Rotary digital viscometer (concentric cylinders geometry) was used to perform the reological measurements. The solids content of the sludge samples ranged from 0.43 % to 21.45 % (A and C samples, respectively) and ash free dry mass from 56.21 % to 67.80 % (A and B samples, respectively). The tested materials were found to be of non-Newtoninan nature and temperature dependent. Measured data were successfully characterized by several mathematical models (Arrhenius, Bingham Plastic, Casson Law, Exponential, Gaussian, and IPC Paste) in MATLAB^® software with satisfying correlations between experimental and computed results. The best match (R² = 0.999) was received with use of Gaussian model, in both cases, shear rate and temperature dependence. The results are quite useful e.g. for the purpose of technological equipment design.

In 2006 and 2007 samples of harvested grain were used to verify the possibility of distinguishing 12 winter wheat genotypes and of detecting impurities on the basis of polymorphism of prolamin kernel proteins. Uniform electrophoretic patterns were detected in genotypes of Athlet, Buteo, Dromos, Ebi, Etela, Florett, Livia, Simila wheat in 2006 and 2007. On the basis of the identity index two sister prolamin lines with different share, depending on the year of harvest, were discovered in 3 wheat genotypes (Astella, Brea and Hana). The proportion of sister gliadin lines in the Astella and Brea genotypes was the same in both years. There was only minor difference (± 2.5%) in the share of the sister lines in the Hana variety between the respective years, and could be influenced by environmental factors. A foreign genotype was detected in the Mona variety. The identity index of the impurity to the Mona variety (ii = 0.30) was considerably low. In the impurity the gliadin block Gld 1B3 was not detected, which is the genetic marker of rye translocation T1BL.1RS (the Sr31 gene of resistance to black rust, higher cold resistance and the marker of poor baking quality - presence of secalin genes). The results proved the potential practical application of the electrophoretic detection of polymorphism of prolamin proteins as markers of impurities of foreign genotypes in a seed sample.

Genetic variability was detected in 15 varieties of triticale (XTriticosecale Wittmack., 2n = 6x = 42, BBAARR) registered in the Czech Republic by means of polymorphism of DNA using the RAPD method and the SSR method. For detection we used 80 RAPD primers. The lower reproducibility of the RAPD markers was resolved by means of repeated analyses (3-4 times). On the basis of statistical evaluation a dendrogram was set up, which allows highly significantly to differentiate the varieties Kolor, Modus and Tornado. The remaining 12 analysed varieties formed 4 clusters. In addition to the RAPD markers a protocol of detection of DNA polymorphism was elaborated and optimised with microsatellite (SSR) markers. For the analyses we used 2 SSR markers (1A chromosome [Xpsp2999] and 1B chromosome [Xpsp3000]), which have been discovered in wheat (T. aestivum L.). Basing on these two SSR markers the only variety Triamant was distinguished from the clusters of the other analysed varieties.

Hydrological models provide design parameters for the design of flood control measures. Runoff from the river basin is primarily determined by the amount of rainfall and water retention of the river basin. The Fryšávka River basin was chosen to determine the potential water retention of the river basin. Before the determination of potential retention preparatory work was carried out: description of the current state of land cover based on a detailed field survey, the representation of hydrological soil groups in the basin found in BPEJ (Bonitované půdně ekologické jednotky - Valuated land-ecological units) maps, delimitation of basin parts by the digital vector layer ZABAGED altimetry (Základní báze geografických dat - Fundamental base of geographic data) - 3D contour and evaluation of basin parts by the runoff curve numbers (CN). The processing of background data was performed by the program ArcGIS 9.2 of ArcView software products using a set of integrated software applications ArcMap, ArcCatalog and ArcToolbox. To assess the potential retention, as part of the hydrologic characteristics of the Fryšávka River basin, the curve number method, a modification of the deterministic episode model DesQ-MAXQ, was used. The average numbers of runoff curves and the data about potential retention of river basin parts are presented in the form of map outputs.

The aim of the paper was to identify the present situation in innovation policies of small and medium-sized enterprises in the South Moravian and Moravian Silesian regions. In order to achieve the specified objective, quantitative research was carried out in the small and medium-sized enterprises by way of questionnaires. The achieved results imply that the enterprises under investigation apply competitive strategy focusing on top quality of goods on offer. The research manifested that the companies focused markedly on innovations in supplying products on offer with additional functions or features. The research results show that the companies do not conduct changes in production organization frequently, not even following their earlier innovative activities. The results of the research into the innovative activity "change in product design" imply that this activity is not applied frequently in comparison with the above-mentioned activities. Based on the interviewed companies' weak points in human resources, the elementary drawbacks include lack of management's command of foreign languages as well as production staff's expert skills. The results of the research imply that the interviewed companies perceive the sphere of products (improved product quality, extension of a product range), the sphere of new technologies and the sphere of an increase in market potential as the most significant. The questionnaire inquiry shows that innovative and development activities are most frequently financed from companies' own funds, subsidies/grants, bank credits and leases. Mortgages and venture capital are only made used of occasionally.

Non-destructive diagnostic methods are very useful for monumental buildings. This paper deals with one of these technique, namely with ultrasound testing and influence of surface finishing on ultrasound velocity measured by means of device the Arborsonic Decay Detector. Surface finishing (Primalex - thick synthetic film of the surface finishing, Luxol - Extra - thin synthetic film of the surface finishing and Impranal Profi SL - thick acryl film the surface finishing) were selected and tested in this research. The transmittion time was measured and velocity was converted from it. This was compared before and after application of surface finishing.