Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2021, 69(1), 59-70 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun.2021.006

Drivers of Crop Diversification: Evidence from Smallholder Farmers in Delta State Nigeria

Odjuvwuederhie Emmanuel Inoni1, Bayero Sule Gani2, Elizabeth Sabo2
1 Department of Agricultural Economics & Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1 Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
2 Department of Agricultural Economics & Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, Taraba State University, P.M.B. 1167 Jalingo, Taraba State, Nigeria

Smallholder farmers in southern Nigeria have relied on the cultivation of cassava, yam, maize and plantain for their livelihood for generations. However, with rising climate variability and soil degradation, many farmers are adopting crop diversification as a viable alternative to improve the productivity of their farmland by growing multiple crops. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine factors that influence crop diversification, and the intensity of crop diversification among small-scale farmers in Delta State. Data for the study were obtained from a random sample of 236 farmers. Crop diversification index (CDI) was used to measure crop diversity, while descriptive statistics, Heckman two-step model and t-test were used to analyse the data. The results showed that 62.3% of the farmers were female; farmers' average age was 51 years, while farm size ranged between 0.08 and 2.2 ha, with a mean of 0.84 ha. Significant differences existed in farming experience (p < 0.05), farm income and farm size (p < 0.01) between crop diversifiers and non-diversifiers. The Heckman model results indicated that age, farm size, credit access, extension contact and farm income had significant positive (p < 0.01) effects on farmers' diversification decision; while farm size, credit access, extension contact and attitude to risk exerted positive and significant influence on intensity of crop diversification by smallholder farmers. Arising from the findings, there is an urgent need for government to chart a new policy direction to revamp the ailing agricultural extension delivery system, a farmer-targeted micro-credit institutions and reforms in land rights to smallholder farmers to enhance timely access to agricultural land to promote crop enterprise diversification among farming households.

Keywords: crop diversification, small-scale farmers, diversification index, Heckman two-step model, marginal effects, Nigeria

Received: July 1, 2020; Accepted: December 22, 2020; Published: March 1, 2021  Show citation

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Emmanuel Inoni, O., Sule Gani, B., & Sabo, E. (2021). Drivers of Crop Diversification: Evidence from Smallholder Farmers in Delta State Nigeria. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 69(1), 59-70. doi: 10.11118/actaun.2021.006
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