Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2019, 67(6), 1627-1642 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201967061627

The Relationship Between Work Engagement of Different Generations and Mobile Learning

Gita Statnickė1, Asta Savanevičienė1, Ignas Šakys2
1 School of Economics and Business, Kaunas University of Technology, Gedimino St. 50, LT-44239, Kaunas, Lithuania
2 Faculty of Informatics, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentų St. 50, LT-51368, Kaunas, Lithuania

As regards work engagement, different generations are affected by different factors. The aim of this paper is to determine whether there is a relationship between work engagement and mobile learning and whether there are significant variances between work engagement and mobile learning among different generational cohorts.

Methods: Quantitative research was performed using "Individual Innovativeness Scale" developed by Hurt, Joseph and Cook (1977) and "The Mobile Learning Scale (MBC)", formed by Fatima, Ghandforoush, Khan and Masico (2017), applying the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). The research included 231 representatives of different generations working in the organisations which used mobile learning in workplace and employed representatives of all four generations in Lithuania, EU. For statistical analysis two-way ANOVA was used, followed by post hoc pairwise comparisons (Bonferroni correction). Findings: There are significant differences in work engagement by different generations and mobile learning. Vigor, dedication and absorption were significantly affected by generation and by mobile learning.

Conclusions: Generation X and Generation Y are more engaged in the workplace than Generation Z. Generation Z is more prone to using mobile learning in the workplace than Generation X and Generation Y; in comparison to other generations, the Baby Boomers are least prone to using mobile learning in the workplace. Recommendation: A focus on Generation Z mobile learning in the workplace would increase their work engagement.

Keywords: work engagement, generation, different generations, mobile learning

Received: June 3, 2019; Accepted: September 6, 2019; Published: December 22, 2019  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Statnickė, G., Savanevičienė, A., & Šakys, I. (2019). The Relationship Between Work Engagement of Different Generations and Mobile Learning. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 67(6), 1627-1642. doi: 10.11118/actaun201967061627
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. AL-EMRAN, M., MEZHUYEV, V. and KAMALUDIN, A. 2018. Technology Acceptance Model in M-learning context: A systematic review. Computers & Education, 125: 389-412. DOI: 10.1016/j.compedu.2018.06.008 Go to original source...
    2. ALSOP, R. 2008. The trophy kids grow up: How the millennial generation is shaking up the workplace. John Wiley & Sons.
    3. BACCARI, S., MENDES, F., NICOLLE, C., SOUALAH-ALILA, F. and NEJI, M. 2016. Comparative Study of the Mobile Learning Architectures. E-Learning, E-Education, and Online Training, 180(1): 191-200. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-49625-2_23 Go to original source...
    4. BAI, J. and LIU, J. 2018. A Study on the Influence of Career Growth on Work Engagement among New Generation Employees. Open Journal of Business and Management, 6(2): 300. DOI: 10.4236/ojbm.2018.62022 Go to original source...
    5. BAKKER, A. B. and ALBRECHT, S. 2018. Work engagement: current trends. Career Development International, 23(1): 4-11. DOI: 10.1108/CDI-11-2017-0207 Go to original source...
    6. BAKKER, A. B. and SCHAUFELI, W. B. 2008. Positive organizational behavior: Engaged employees in flourishing organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 29(2): 147-154. DOI: 10.1002/job.515 Go to original source...
    7. BECTON, J. B., WALKER, H. J. and JONES-FARMER, A. 2014. Generational differences in workplace behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 44(3): 175-189. DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12208 Go to original source...
    8. BENCSIK, A., HORVATH-CSIKOS, G. and JUHASZ, T. 2016. Y and Z Generations at Workplaces. Journal of Competitiveness, 8(3): 90-106. DOI: 10.7441/joc.2016.03.06 Go to original source...
    9. BOHL, J. C. 2008. Generation X and Y in law school: Practical strategies for teaching the MTV/Google generation. Loy. L. Rev., 54: 775.
    10. BROWN, B. and CHALMERS, M. 2003. Tourism and mobile technology. In: ECSCW 2003. Proceedings of the Eighth European Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work 14-18 September 2003, Helsinki, Finland. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 335-354.
    11. BUCHANAN, L. 2004. The things they do for love. Harvard Business Review, 82(12): 19-20.
    12. CHAWLA, D., DOKADIA, A. and RAI, S. 2017. Multigenerational differences in career preferences, reward preferences and work engagement among Indian employees. Global Business Review, 18(1): 181-197. DOI: 10.1177/0972150916666964 Go to original source...
    13. CHENG, Y. M. 2015. Towards an understanding of the factors affecting m-learning acceptance: Roles of technological characteristics and compatibility. Asia Pacific Management Review, 20(3): 109-119. DOI: 10.1016/j.apmrv.2014.12.011 Go to original source...
    14. COETZEE, M., FERREIRA, N. and SHUNMUGUM, C. 2017. Psychological career resources, career adaptability and work engagement of generational cohorts in the media industry. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 15(8): a868. Go to original source...
    15. COGIN, J. 2012. Are generational differences in work values fact or fiction? Multi-country evidence and implications. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(11): 2268-2294. DOI: 10.1080/09585192.2011.610967 Go to original source...
    16. DAVIS, F. D. 1989. Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and User Acceptance of Information Systems. MIS Quarterly, 13(3): 319-339. DOI: 10.2307/249008 Go to original source...
    17. DROLET, A. L. and MORRIS, M. W. 2000. Rapport in conflict resolution: Accounting for how face-to-face contact fosters mutual cooperation in mixed-motive conflicts. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 36(1): 26-50. DOI: 10.1006/jesp.1999.1395 Go to original source...
    18. EUROSTAT. 2018. Educational attainment statistics. Eurostat. Available: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Educational_attainment_statistics [Accessed: 2019, August 30].
    19. ENGELMANN, A. and SCHWABE, G. 2018. Enabling Workers to Enter Industry 4.0: A Layered Mobile Learning Architecture. In: Proceedings of the 51st Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, pp. 23-32. Go to original source...
    20. FARRELL, L. and HURT, A. C. 2014. Training the Millennial Generation: Implications for Organizational Climate. Journal of Organizational Learning & Leadership, 12(1): 1-14.
    21. FATIMA, J. K., GHANDFOROUSH, P., KHAN, M. and MASICO, R. D. 2017. Role of innovativeness and self-efficacy in tourism m-learning. Tourism Review, 72(3): 344-355. DOI: 10.1108/TR-02-2017-0019 Go to original source...
    22. FLEMING, J. H. and ASPLUND, J. 2007. Human sigma. New York: Gallup.
    23. GUAN, X. and FRENKEL, S. 2018. How HR practice, work engagement and job crafting influence employee performance. Chinese Management Studies, 12(3): 591-607. DOI: 10.1108/CMS-11-2017-0328 Go to original source...
    24. HILLMAN, D. R. 2014. Understanding multigenerational work-value conflict resolution. Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health, 29(3): 240-257. DOI: 10.1080/15555240.2014.933961 Go to original source...
    25. HOOLE, C. and BONNEMA, J. 2015. Work engagement and meaningful work across generational cohorts. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 13(1): 1-11. DOI: 10.4102/sajhrm.v13i1.681 Go to original source...
    26. HOWE, N. and STRAUSS, W. 2000. Millennials rising: The next great generation. New York, USA: Vintage Books.
    27. HU, M., LIU, Q., LI, H. and ZHAI, L. 2015. Research on the Application of Mobile Learning System for the New Generation of Migrant Workers. In: Educational Innovation through Technology (EITT). 2015 International Conference (IEEE), pp. 99-102. Go to original source...
    28. HU, S. N. and WANG, Y. 2014. Concept, Measurements, Antecedents and Consequences of Work Engagement. Advances in Psychological Science, 22: 1975-1984. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2014.01975 Go to original source...
    29. JAMES, J. B., MCKECHNIE, S. and SWANBERG, J. 2011. Predicting employee engagement in an age-diverse retail workforce. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32(2): 173-196. DOI: 10.1002/job.681 Go to original source...
    30. JASCHKE, S. 2014. Mobile learning applications for technical vocational and engineering education: The use of competence snippets in laboratory courses and industry 4.0. In: 2014 International Conference on Interactive Collaborative Learning (ICL). Dubai, United Arab Emirates. IEEE, pp. 605-608. Go to original source...
    31. KADIRIRE, J. 2009. Mobile Learning DeMystified. In: GUY, R. (Ed.). The Evolution of Mobile Teaching and Learning. California, USA: Informing Science Press.
    32. KENNY, R. F., VAN NESTE-KENNY, J. M., BURTON, P. A., PARK, C. L. and QAYYUM, A. 2012. Using self-efficacy to assess the readiness of nursing educators and students for mobile learning. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 13(3): 277-296. DOI: 10.19173/irrodl.v13i3.1221 Go to original source...
    33. KESKIN, N. O. and METCALF, D. 2011. The current perspectives, theories and practices of mobile learning. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology-TOJET, 10(2): 202-208.
    34. KHADIM, B. 2018. Mobile Learning And Education In The Digital Age. eLearning Industry. Available online: https://elearningindustry.com/mobile-learning-education-digital-age [Accessed: 2018, April 10].
    35. KILIS, S. 2013. Impacts of Mobile Learning in Motivation, Engagement and Achievement of Learners: Review of Literature. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 12(2): 375-383.
    36. KUPPERSCHMIDT, B. R. 2000. Multigeneration employees: strategies for effective management. The health care manager, 19(1): 65-76. DOI: 10.1097/00126450-200019010-00011 Go to original source...
    37. LABERGE, M., TONDOUX, A., BLANCHARD, A., TREMBLAY, F. C. and GIRARD, M. M. 2018. Using mobile technology to support vocational training for adolescents with learning difficulties: a pilot study. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 75(2): 837. Go to original source...
    38. LEBIODA, L., HAHN, I. S. and MARTINS, A. A. M. 2019. The influence of mobile technology usage behavior on perceived work performance improvement. International Journal of Development Research, 9(02): 25733-25738.
    39. LIAW, S. S., HUANG, H. M. and CHEN, G. D. 2007. Surveying instructor and learner attitudes toward e-learning. Computers & Education, 49(4): 1066-1080. DOI: 10.1016/j.compedu.2006.01.001 Go to original source...
    40. LU, C., WANG, H., LU, J., DU, D. and BAKKER, A. B. 2014. Does work engagement increase person-job fit? The role of job crafting and job insecurity. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 84(2): 142-152. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvb.2013.12.004 Go to original source...
    41. LYONS, S. T., SCHWEITZER, L. and NG, E. S. 2015. How have careers changed? An investigation of changing career patterns across four generations. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 30(1): 8-21. DOI: 10.1108/JMP-07-2014-0210 Go to original source...
    42. LYONS, S., DUXBURY, L. and HIGGINS, C. 2005. Are gender differences in basic human values a generational phenomenon? Sex roles, 53(9-10): 763-778. DOI: 10.1007/s11199-005-7740-4 Go to original source...
    43. MACEY, W. H., SCHNEIDER, B., BARBERA, K. M. and YOUNG, S. A. 2011. Employee engagement: Tools for analysis, practice, and competitive advantage. John Wiley & Sons.
    44. MAHAT, J., AYUB, A. F. M. and LUAN, S. 2012. An assessment of students' mobile self-efficacy, readiness and personal innovativeness towards mobile learning in higher education in Malaysia. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 64: 284-290. DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.11.033 Go to original source...
    45. MCBAIN, R. 2007. The practice of engagement: Research into current employee engagement practice. Strategic HR review, 6(6): 16-19. DOI: 10.1108/14754390780001011 Go to original source...
    46. MERIAC, J. P., WOEHR, D. J. and BANISTER, C. 2010. Generational differences in work ethic: An examination of measurement equivalence across three cohorts. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25(2): 315-324. DOI: 10.1007/s10869-010-9164-7 Go to original source...
    47. MICHAELSON, G. V. and HARDIN, M. 2010. Pairwise comparisons. In: SALKIND, N. J. (Ed.). Encyclopedia of research design. SAGE Publications, pp. 985-990.
    48. MOCKUS, L., DAWSON, H., EDEL-MALIZIA, S., SHAFFER, D., AN, J. and SWAGGERTY, A. 2011. The impact of mobile access on motivation: Distance education student perceptions. World Campus Learning Design, 4(5): 1-34.
    49. MONACO, M. and MARTIN, M. 2007. The millennial student: A new generation of learners. Athletic Training Education Journal, 2(2): 42-46. Go to original source...
    50. PARK, J. and GURSOY, D. 2012. Generation effects on work engagement among US hotel employees. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(4): 1195-1202. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2012.02.007 Go to original source...
    51. PARRY, E. 2018. Age and generational diversity in careers. In: BROADBRIDGE, A. M. and FIELDEN, S. L. (Eds.). Research Handbook of Diversity and Careers. USA: Edward Edgar Publishing. Go to original source...
    52. PARTRIDGE, H. and HALLAM, G. 2006. Educating the millennial generation for evidence based information practice. Library Hi Tech, 24(3): 400-419. DOI: 10.1108/07378830610692163 Go to original source...
    53. PERRY, E. L., GOLOM, F. D., CATENACCI, L., INGRAHAM, M. E., COVAIS, E. M. and MOLINA, J. J. 2017. Talkinʹ ʹbout your generation: the impact of applicant age and generation on hiring-related perceptions and outcomes. Work, Aging and Retirement, 3(2): 186-199. Go to original source...
    54. POULOVA, P., KLIMOVA, B., and PULKRABKOVÁ, D. 2019. Use of Mobile Devices - A Survey Study. In: Smart Education and e-Learning 2019. Singapore: Springer, pp. 303-312. Go to original source...
    55. REHMAN, M., ANJUM, M., ASKRI, F., KAMRAN, M. A. and ESICHAIKUL, V. 2016. Mobile learning adoption framework: An empirical investigation from learners perspective. Journal of Quality and Technology Management, 12(1): 1-43.
    56. SALANOVA, M. and SCHAUFELI, W. B. 2008. A cross-national study of work engagement as a mediator between job resources and proactive behavior. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19(1): 116-131. DOI: 10.1080/09585190701763982 Go to original source...
    57. SAMPANGI, R. R., VISWANATH, V. V. and RAY A. A. 2010. Reaching the Unreached: A study on mobile learning in India. In: Proc. Icel, pp. 350-357.
    58. SÁNCHEZ-PRIETO, J. C., OLMOS-MIGUELÁÑEZ, S. and GARCÍA-PEÑALVO, F. J. 2016. MLearning and pre-service teachers: an assessment of the behavioral intention using an expanded TAM model. Computers in Human Behavior, 55(1): 519-528. DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2015.07.002 Go to original source...
    59. SCHAUFELI, W. 2017. Work engagement in Europe: Relations with national economy, governance and culture. Organizational Dynamics, 47(2): 99-106. DOI: 10.1016/j.orgdyn.2018.01.003 Go to original source...
    60. SCHAUFELI, W. B. 2013. What is engagement? Employee engagement in theory and practice. London: Routledge.
    61. SCHAUFELI, W. B., BAKKER, A. B. and SALANOVA, M. 2006. The measurement of work engagement with a short questionnaire: A cross-national study. Educational and psychological measurement, 66(4): 701-716. DOI: 10.1177/0013164405282471 Go to original source...
    62. SCHAUFELI, W. B., SALANOVA, M., ROMA, V. G. and BAKKER, A. B. 2002. The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3: 71-92. DOI: 10.1023/A:1015630930326 Go to original source...
    63. SCHROTH, H. 2019. Are You Ready for Gen Z in the Workplace? California Management Review, 61(3): 5-18. DOI: 10.1177/0008125619841006 Go to original source...
    64. SESSA, V. I., KABACOFF, R. I., DEAL, J. and BROWN, H. 2007. Generational differences in leader values and leadership behaviors. The Psychologist-Manager Journal, 10(1): 47-74. DOI: 10.1080/10887150709336612 Go to original source...
    65. SHAW, S. and FAIRHURST, D. 2008. Engaging a new generation of graduates. Education + Training, 50(5): 366-378. DOI: 10.1108/00400910810889057 Go to original source...
    66. SHUCK, B. and WOLLARD, K. 2010. Employee engagement and HRD: A seminal review of the foundations. Human resource development review, 9(1): 89-110. DOI: 10.1177/1534484309353560 Go to original source...
    67. SIERING, M. and PAHLKE, I. 2013. Employee Empowerment with Computer Based Learning: An Empirical Investigation. In: Wirtschaftsinformatik Proceedings. 27th February-01st March 2013, Leipzig, Germany, pp. 846-861.
    68. SKIBA, D. J. and BARTON, A. J. 2006. Adapting your teaching to accommodate the net generation of learners. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 11(2): 15. Go to original source...
    69. SUKI, N. M. and SUKI, N. M. 2011. Using Mobile Device for Learning: From Students' Perspective. Online Submission. US-China Education Review, A1(1): 44-53.
    70. TAPSCOTT, D. 2010. Growing Up Digital: The Rise of the Net Generation. McGraw-Hill.
    71. TIMS, M., BAKKER, A. B. and DERKS, D. 2015. Job crafting and job performance: a longitudinal study. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 24(6): 914-928. DOI: 10.1080/1359432X.2014.969245 Go to original source...
    72. TRINDER, J., MAGILL, J. and ROY, S. 2005. Expect the unexpected: Practicalities and problems of a PDA project. In: KUKULSKA-HULME, A. and TRAXLER, J. (Eds.). Mobile Learning: A handbook for educators and trainers. London: Routledge.
    73. TURNER, A. 2015. Generation Z: Technology and social interest. The Journal of Individual Psychology, 71(2): 103-113. DOI: 10.1353/jip.2015.0021 Go to original source...
    74. TWENGE, J. M. 2010. A review of the empirical evidence on generational differences in work attitudes. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25(2): 201-210. DOI: 10.1007/s10869-010-9165-6 Go to original source...
    75. TWENGE, J. M., CAMPBELL, S. M., HOFFMAN, B. J. and LANCE, C. E. 2010. Generational differences in work values: Leisure and extrinsic values increasing, social and intrinsic values decreasing. Journal of management, 36(5): 1117-1142. DOI: 10.1177/0149206309352246 Go to original source...
    76. UNESCO. 2016. International Standard Classification of Education: ISCED 2001. Available at: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Library/Documents/isced97-en.pdf [Accessed: 2018, June 23].
    77. URICK, M. J., HOLLENSBE, E. C., MASTERSON, S. S. and LYONS, S. T. 2016. Understanding and managing intergenerational conflict: An examination of influences and strategies. Work, Aging and Retirement, 3(2): 166-185. Go to original source...
    78. WAGNER, R. and HARTER, J. K. 2006. The great elements of managing. Washington, DC: The Gallup Organization.
    79. WANG, M. 2018. Emerging Technologies for Workplace Learning. In: E-Learning in the Workplace. Cham: Springer. Go to original source...
    80. WELCH, M. 2011. The evolution of the employee engagement concept: communication implications. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 16(4): 328-346. DOI: 10.1108/13563281111186968 Go to original source...
    81. WEY SMOLA, K. and SUTTON, C. D. 2002. Generational differences: Revisiting generational work values for the new millennium. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 23(4): 363-382. DOI: 10.1002/job.147 Go to original source...
    82. WHEATLEY, A. C. and HIBBLER-BRITT, L. M. 2019. The Long Tail of Generation Z and the Future of a Freelance Economy. In: Advances in the Technology of Managing People: Contemporary Issues in Business. Emerald Publishing Limited, 2019, pp. 83-92. Go to original source...
    83. WILSON, M. and GERBER, L. E. 2008. How generational theory can improve teaching: Strategies for working with the "Millennials". Currents in teaching and learning, 1(1): 29-44.
    84. WONG, M., GARDINER, E., LANG, W. and COULON, L. 2008. Generational differences in personality and motivation: do they exist and what are the implications for the workplace? Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23(8): 878-890. DOI: 10.1108/02683940810904376 Go to original source...
    85. YUSOF, A. A., MOKHTAR, N. F. and SET, K. 2019. Cost, security and features influencing baby boomers behavioral intention on adopting Whatsapp application. International Journal of Accounting, 4(18): 67-77.

    This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY NC ND 4.0), which permits non-comercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


    Return to the content