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Three methods of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) breeding for forage yield in two harvest years on locations in Bredelokke (Denmark), Hladké Životice (Czech Republic) and Les Alleuds (France) were compared.
Three types of 46 candivars¹, developed by A₎ recurrent selection in subsequent generations (37 candivars, divided into early and late group), B₎ polycross progenies (4 candivars) and C₎ geno-phenotypic selection (5 candivars) were compared. The trials were sown in 2005 and cut three times in 2006 and 2007; their evaluation is based primarily on total yield of dry matter. The candivars developed by polycross and geno-phenotypic selections gave significantly higher yields than candivars from the recurrent selection. However, the candivars developed by the methods B and C did not differ significantly. The candivars developed by these progressive methods were suitable for higher yielding and drier environment in Hladké Životice (where was the highest yield level even if averaged annual precipitation were lower by 73 and 113 mm in comparison to other locations, respectively); here was average yield higher by 19 and 13% for B and C in comparison to A method. Highly significant interaction of the candivars with locations was found. It can be concluded that varieties specifically aimed to different locations by the methods B and C should be bred; also the parental entries should be selected there.

In 1973 was proclaimed the Hybridization program within pig breeding in Czechoslovakia. It was aimed at improving better pork quality and increasing higher nutrition value through meat specialization hybrids. Duroc, Hampshire, Pietrain and Landrace breeds were using in hybridization. Proclaiming the new form meat commercializing of pigs should to ensure better interest of breeders on producing meat specialized hybrids. This form was initiated in EEC since 1985 and Czechoslovakia was prepared to ensure authorized grading assessment methods slaughter-pigs. Since March 2004 the Czech Republic is a member state of the European Union with harmonized legislation similir to EU legislature. New instruments as FOM, Ultra-FOM, ZP and HGP 4 were purchased. There SEUROP system were established. Submitted study observes quality development slaughtering pigs since the nineties to present. Pork quality was increased more rapidly than expected and in 2007 was reached the estimated level in 2010. Examples of grading methods in monitored periods is mentioned and particular effects commented.

Nowadays, we can see on market mainly fermented milk products with addition of probiotic microorganisms, especially strains of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. We can meet also other types of probiotic products. It is recommended to consume at least 100 grams of fermented milk products with minimal concentration of 10⁶ of probiotics in one gram or mililitr of product daily for reaching positive effect on men's health. During fermentation of the carbohydrates, proteins and lipids are disunite and many of aromatic compounds ane compose. They give a typical sensory characteristic to fermented milk products. For quality and quantity level of probiotics, changes of pH value and sensory quality of five kinds of fermented milk product Yoghurt Drink with different flavour were analyzed during the whole expiration period (28 days). Obtained results were statistically evaluated via the analysis of variance and the method of multiple comparison according to Tukey test (P < 0,010) and (P < 0,001). During the minimal endurance time lactic acid bacteria and Bifidobacterium sp. were evaluated and changes of descriptors and pH value were detected. Number of LAB was up to 10⁷ CFU/ml in all samples during 28 days of analysis. Only at sample 2 the number of LAB was 10⁶ CFU/ml. Bifidobacterium sp. grew about degree. The number of LAB and Bifidobacterium sp. of yoghurt drink correspond with public notice number 77/2003 Sb, LAB 10⁷ nad Bifidobacterium sp. 10⁶ KTJ/ml. During 28 days of storage the pH value decreased. The biggest pH drop was recorded between 21. and 28. days of storage in all samples. The beginning pH value was 4.03-4.07 and the final value was between 3.80-3.95. The results of sensory evaluation processed by analysis of dispersion according to type were statistically conlusive in descriptors thickness, texture, intensity of smell, pleasantness of taste and general impression. The results of sensory evaluation processed by analysis of dispersion according to days of storage were statistically conlusive in descriptor pleasantness of smell.

The aim of this work was to monitor quantitative and qualitative representation of probiotic strain L. casei 01 (Sacco, Italy) in dry femented sausages "Herkules" taken from two different producers (A and B). Negative control susages without probiotics were also made at both producers, to monitor the differences between pH profiles of and lactic acid bacteria counts during fermentation and storage of dry sausages. The second objective of this study was to determine sensory quality of probiotic sausages in comparison with non-probiotic controls.
The counts of L. casei and LAB in all sausages significantly (P < 0,01) increased during fermentation and storage period. Probiotic L. casei was well adapted to dry sausages environment and reached 10⁶ CFU/g in both producers. No differences between pH profiles of probiotic sausages and controls without probiotics were observed.
It was observed that all probiotic sausages had sensory properties near the traditional products.

The influence of benzoic acid and formic acid (positive control) of ensilaged maize and pressed sugar beet pulp on quality fermentation processes was studied in a laboratory experiment. The effect of additive on the quality of fermentation process during maize ensiling was studied in a first model experiment. Preservatives such as formic acid and benzoic acid were added to ensiled maize at the concentration of 1L/t and 1 kg/t, respectively. When benzoic acid was used as a preservative, the pH and the N-NH₃/ N total ratio decreased statistically (P

In the experiment, the effect of additive on the fermentation quality of lupine was examined, by comparing with the untreated control. Fresh green Lupine (Lupines lupine), variete Juno, dry matter content 187.15 g/kg at full waxy stage of maturiy were chopped to the legth of cut ca 30-50 mm. The crop was artificially wilted for a periody 24 h and ensiled as described above. Lupine were ensiled for 98 days in laboratory silos, capacity about 4 L alone or with supplementation of feed additive (5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 or 70 kg/tone forage respectively). The composition and as effective substances of this silage ingredient were dry whey (30%), maize meal (40%) and dry molases (30%). The silages fermented rapidly and changes in volatile fatty acids (VFA) production (P

Because of economical reasons the substitution of maize by feed corn as wheat (Sulamit) and triticale (Kitaro) was revolved in concentrate part of dairy cow feeding rations. The design of mentioned replacement in feeding rations was carried out according to results of previous research (Pozdíšek and Vaculová, 2008) for nutrition experiment. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the possible effects of corn replacement in cow feeding rations on milk composition and properties. The expressively different variants of corn were selected for experiment in comparison to maize (reference). Dairy cows were fed by total mixed ration on the basis of maize and clover silage and hay. Otherwise the identical day feeding rations among cow groups differed only in concentrate portions ((K, control group) maize 1.5 kg, wheat (P1) 2.0 kg and triticale (P2) 2.0 kg (experimental groups)). Group feeding rations 1 (K), 2 (P1) and 3 (P2) had: NEL/kg dry (DM) matter (6.524, 6.512 and 6.491); NL % in DM (17.9, 18.2 and 17.9); fibre % in DM (15.96, 15.74 and 15.72); PDIN/PDIE (1.189, 1.189 and 1.191). The experiment took six weeks, there were included 8, 9 and 9 cows (n = 26) of Czech Fleckvieh breed. Feed groups were well balanced in terms of milk yield, days in milk and number of lactation. The tie stable and pipeline milking equipment were used in experiment. Animals were milked twice a day and sampled at morning milking in intervals about seven days approximately. Cows were relatively healthy in terms of occurrence of milk secretion disorders. Within groups the individual milk samples (in total 182 in experiment) were aggregated into bulk samples (n = 21 = 3 groups × 7 sampling periods), which were analysed on 45 milk indicators, 18 of them were evaluated in this paper. The differences in milk yield were significantly advantageous for K group (15.32 > 14.07 (wheat) or 13.86 kg (triticale) at morning milking), while fat (3.27 < 3.47 or 3.44 %) was lower (P < 0.05). Lactose was not influenced. More important differences were in total dry matter, 12.09 (K) < 12.23 (P1) or 12.40 % (P2). While for wheat was not for triticale was similar effect observed in crude protein (CP) of milk (3.08 (K) or 3.05 (P1) < 3.23 % (P2)). Similar trend was also confirmed in casein (CAS; 2.43 or 2.44 < 2.55 %; from P < 0.05 to P < 0.001 for CP and CAS). There were insignificant differences between groups for casein number, pH acidity, electrical conductivity, Mg and Cu (P > 0.05). Milk specific weight was lowest in P1 (P < 0.01), but this indicator is practically less important. More expressive differences were in somatic cell count (SCC) in geometric mean 249 (P2) > 76 (K) or 72 10³/ml (P1). Because of quite typical high SCC variability in triticale P2 group (in opposite to this low variability in K and P1 groups) it could be caused by chance in animal selection for groups and all values met the standard demand for extra quality of milk. Therefore, it is not necessary to over estimate this result. Milk urea as metabolical indicator was higher in wheat group, significantly (P < 0.05) versus triticale group (23.39 (P1) > 20.80 (K) and 20.50 mg/100ml (P2), but all values lay in respected physiological range (from 20 to 30 mg/100ml). In the Ca case it was significantly hig

The effect of dried organic and organomineral fertilizers on the yield and quality of the bush processing tomatoes variety 'Proton' were explored in 2005-2006. Field experimental plots were established in Žabčice in the Czech Republic. The following variants of fertilizers were included: Agormin T, Agro, Dvorecký agroferm, farmyard manure, mineral fertilizers and unfertilized control. All plots, except the control, were fertilized with mineral fertilizers on the same nutrients level. Total yield, marketable yield, number of fruits and mean fruit weight were assessed. Total solids, carotenoids, ascorbic acid and nitrates (mg.kg^-1 of fresh fruit weight) were analysed in fruits. Fertilizers did not significantly influence total yield and marketable yield. The highest yields were found at Agormin T (7.42 kg.m^-2 and 6.73 kg.m^-2, respectively), the highest mean fruit weight was found at mineral fertilizers (82.9 g) and Agormin T (82.4 g). Fertilizing with Agro resulted in the highest number of fruits (81.0 pieces.m^-2). Dvorecký agroferm significantly increased ascorbic acid content in fruits compared to the control. The highest nitrates content was recorded for the control, the lowest for mineral fertilizers. There was not found significant effect of fertilizers on total solids and carotenoids. All tested dried organic or organomineral fertilizers were shown to be efficient alternatives to traditional farmyard manure. Only Agro significantly decreased ascorbic acid content in comparison to farmyard manure.