Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 2017, 65(5), 1709-1718 | DOI: 10.11118/actaun201765051709

Does Urbanization Boost Pollution from Transport?

Jeyhun Mikayilov1,2,3, Vusal Shukurov4, Shahriyar Mukhtarov5,6,7, Sabuhi Yusifov8,9
1 King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, P.O. Box 88550, Riyadh 11672, Saudi Arabia
2 Department of Statistics, Azerbaijan State University of Economics (UNEC), Istiqlaliyyat Str., 6, Baku, Azerbaijan
3 Institute for Scientific Research on Economic Reforms, 88a, Hasan Bey Zardabi Avenue, Baku AZ1011, Azerbaijan
4 Independent Researcher, Baku/Azerbaijan
5 Department of Economics and Management, Khazar University, Mehseti Str. 41, Baku, Azerbaijan
6 International Graduate and Doctorate Center, Azerbaijan State University of Economics (UNEC), Istiqlaliyyat Str. 6, Baku, Azerbaijan
7 Department of World Economy, Baku Engineering University, Hasan Aliyev 120, Khirdalan, Azerbaijan
8 Azerbaijan Technology University, Shah Ismayil Hatai ave., 103, Ganja, Azerbaijan
9 The Institute of Economics, ANAS, H. Javid pr., 115.Baku, Azerbaijan

The study examines the impacts of urbanization, energy consumption and real GDP on atmospheric pollution from automobile transport in Azerbaijan in the STIRPAT framework. Since the study uses time series variables the unit root properties of employed variables are tested for non-stationarity. Stationarity of the data is tested using conventional Augmented Dickey-Fuller test. The study employs Autoregressive Distributed Lags Bounds Testing (ARDLBT) approach to co-integration. This method is one of the most preferable approaches among alternatives in the case of small samples. Estimation results indicated that the variables are cointegrated, in another word there is a long-run relationship among them. In order to test the quality of the model residuals of the model are tested for the serial correlation, heteroskedasticity, and normality. The model is checked for model misspecification and stability. The results of all abovementioned tests are found to be adequate. The highest impact on pollution among the variables belongs to urbanization which is found to be positive and statistically significant. Energy consumption also has a positive and statistically significant impact on emission. The results also confirm that sustainable development can be reached only keeping the balance among environmental, social and economic factors. Findings of the study may be useful in making appropriate decisions in the fields of diminishing atmospheric pollution from automobile transport caused by urbanization related issues.

Keywords: atmospheric pollution from transport, Azerbaijan, energy consumption, real GDP, population, STIRPAT, urbanization

Published: October 31, 2017  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Mikayilov, J., Shukurov, V., Mukhtarov, S., & Yusifov, S. (2017). Does Urbanization Boost Pollution from Transport? Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 65(5), 1709-1718. doi: 10.11118/actaun201765051709
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. AHMED A., UDDIN G. S. and SOHAG K. 2016. Biomass energy, technological progress and the environmental Kuznets curve: Evidence from selected European countries. Biomass and Bioenergy, 90: 202 - 208. DOI: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2016.04.004 Go to original source...
    2. AL-MULALI, U. and OZTURK, I. 2015. The effect of energy consumption, urbanization, trade openness, industrial output, and the political stability on the environmental degradation in the MENA (Middle East and North African) region. Energy, 84(C): 382 - 389. DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2015.03.004 Go to original source...
    3. BELLOUMI, M. and ALSHEHRY, A. S. 2016. The impact of urbanization on energy intensity and use in Saudi Arabia. Sustainability, 8(4): 375. DOI: 10.3390/su8040375 Go to original source...
    4. BERA, A. K., and JARQUE, C. M. 1981. Efficient Tests for Normality, Homoscedasticity and Serial Independence of Regression Residuals: Monte Carlo Evidence. Economic Letters, 7: 313 - 318. DOI: 10.1016/0165-1765(81)90035-5 Go to original source...
    5. BEWLEY, R. A. 1979. The Direct Estimation of the Equilibrium Response in a Linear Model. Economics Letters, 3: 375 - 81. DOI: 10.1016/0165-1765(79)90011-9 Go to original source...
    6. BHATTA, B. 2010. Causes and Consequences of Urban Growth and Sprawl. In: Analysis of Urban Growth and Sprawl from Remote Sensing Data. Berlin: Springer, pp. 17 - 36. Go to original source...
    7. BREUSCH, T. S. 1978. Testing for Autocorrelation in Dynamic Linear Models. Australian Economic Papers, 17(31): 334 - 355. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8454.1978.tb00635.x Go to original source...
    8. BREUSCH T. S., and PAGAN, A. 1979. A Simple Test for Heteroscedasticity and Random Coefficient Variation. Econometrica, 47(5): 1287 - 1294. DOI: 10.2307/1911963 Go to original source...
    9. DIETZ, T. and ROSA, E. 1997. Effects of population and affluence on CO2 emissions. National Academy of Sciences, 94(1): 175 - 179. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.1.175 Go to original source...
    10. DOLADO, J., JENKINSON, T., and SOSVILLA-RIVERO, S. 1990. Cointegration and Unit Roots. Journal of Economic Surveys, 4(3): 247 - 273. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6419.1990.tb00088.x Go to original source...
    11. EINSTEIN, D. E. 1999. Urbanization and its Human Influence. Seminar in Global Sustainability. Irvine: University of California.
    12. ENRLICH, P. and HOLDREN, J. 1971. Impact of Population Growth. Science, 171(3977): 1212 - 1217. DOI: 10.1126/science.171.3977.1212 Go to original source...
    13. FANG, W., MILLER, S., and YEH, C. 2012. The effect of ESCOs on Energy use. Energy Policy, 51(13): 558 - 568. DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2012.08.068 Go to original source...
    14. FENGYAN, F. and YALIN, L. 2015. Factor Analysis of Energy-Related Carbon Emissions: A Case Study of Beijing. Journal of Cleaner Production, 163(supplement): 277 - 283. Go to original source...
    15. GODFREY, L. G. 1978. Testing Against General Autoregressive and Moving Average Error Models When the Regressor include Lagged Dependent Variables. Econometrica, 46: 1293 - 1302. DOI: 10.2307/1913829 Go to original source...
    16. GODFREY, L. G. 1978. Testing for Multiplicative Heteroscedasticity. Journal of Econometrics, 8(2): 227 - 236. DOI: 10.1016/0304-4076(78)90031-3 Go to original source...
    17. GRUNEWALD, N. and MARTÍNEZ-ZARZOSO, I. 2009. Driving Factors of Carbon Dioxide Emissions and the Impact from Kyoto Protocol. CESIFO Working Paper No 2758. CESifo Group Munich. Go to original source...
    18. HASANOV, F., BULUT, C. and SULEYMANOV, E. 2016. Do population age groups matter in the energy use of the oil-exporting countries? Economic Modelling, 54: 82 - 99. DOI: 10.1016/j.econmod.2015.12.018 Go to original source...
    19. HASANOV, F. J., HUNT, L. C., and MIKAYILOV, C. I. 2016. Modeling and forecasting electricity demand in Azerbaijan using cointegration techniques. Energies, 9(12): 1045. DOI: 10.3390/en9121045 Go to original source...
    20. LI, F., SONG, Z., and LIU, W. 2014. China's Energy Consumption under the Global Economic Crisis: Decomposition and sectoral Analysis. Energy Policy, 64: 193 - 202. DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2013.09.014 Go to original source...
    21. LI, K. and LIN, B. 2015. Impacts of urbanization and industrialization on energy consumption/CO2 emissions: Does the level of development matter? Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews: 1107 - 1122. Go to original source...
    22. LIN, B., DU, Z. 2015. How China's urbanization impacts transport energy consumption in the face of income disparity. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52(C): 1693 - 1701. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.08.006 Go to original source...
    23. AL MAMUN, M., SOHAG, K., HANNAN MIA, M. A., UDDIN, G. S. and OZTURK, I. 2014. Regional differences in the dynamic linkage between CO2 emissions, sectoral output and economic growth. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 38: 1 - 11. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2014.05.091 Go to original source...
    24. MIKAYILOV, J., SHUKUROV, V. and YUSIFOV, S. 2017. The Impact of Economic Growth and Population on CO2 Emissions from Transport Sector: Azerbaijan Case. Academic Journal of Economic Studies, 3(2): 60 - 67.
    25. MUHAMMAD, S., LOGANATHAN, N., MUZAFFA, A. T. et.al. 2016. How Urbanization Affects CO2 Emissions in Malaysia? The Application of STIRPAT Model. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 57: 83 - 93. Go to original source...
    26. NATIONS, U. 2008. World Urbanization Prospects; The 2007 Revision. New York: Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
    27. NSIAH-GYABAAH, K. 2003. Urbanization, Environmental Degradation and Food Security in Africa. In: The Open Meeting of the Global Environmental Change Research Community. Montreal: Sunyani Polytechnic, P.O. Box 206.
    28. NYAMBOD, E. M. 2010. Environmental Consequences of Rapid Urbanization: Bamenda City, Cameroon. Journal of Environmental Protection, 1(1): 15 - 23. DOI: 10.4236/jep.2010.11003 Go to original source...
    29. OTENG-ABAYIE, E. and FRIMPONG, J. 2006. Bounds Testing Approach to Cointegration: An Examination of Foreign Direct Investment Trade and Growth Relationships. American Journal of Applied Sciences, 3(1): 2079 - 2085. Go to original source...
    30. PESARAN, M. and SHIN, Y. 1999. An Autoregressive Distributed Lag Modeling Approach to Cointegration Analysis in S. Strom/Econometrics and Economic Theory in the 20th Century. In: The Ragnar Frisch centennial Symposium. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    31. PESARAN, M., SHIN, Y. and SMITH, R. 2001. Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3): 286 - 326. Go to original source...
    32. POUMANYVONG, P., KANEKO, S. and DHAKAL, S. 2012. Impacts of urbanization on national transport and road energy use: Evidence from low, middle and high income countries. Energy Policy, 24(C): 268 - 277. DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2012.03.059 Go to original source...
    33. RAFIQ, S., SALIM, R. and NIELSEN, I. 2016. Urbanization, openness, emissions and energy intensity: A study of increasingly urbanized emerging economies. Energy Economics, 56: 20 - 28. DOI: 10.1016/j.eneco.2016.02.007 Go to original source...
    34. RAMSEY, J. B. 1969. Tests for Specification Errors in Classical Linear Least Squares Regression Analysis. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, series B, 31(2): 350 - 371. Go to original source...
    35. ROGER, G. 2002. Air Pollution from Ground Transportation. An Assessment of Causes, Strategies and Tactics, and Proposed Actions for the International Community. United Nations.
    36. SADORSKY, P. 2013. Do urbanization and industrialization affect energy intensity in developing countries? Energy Economics, 37(C): 52 - 59. DOI: 10.1016/j.eneco.2013.01.009 Go to original source...
    37. SHAHBAZ, M., KHRAIEF, N., UDDIN, G. S. and OZTURK, I. 2014. Environmental Kuznets curve in an open economy: A bounds testing and causality analysis for Tunisia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 34: 325 - 336. Go to original source...
    38. SHAHBAZ, M., LOGANATHAN, N., SBIA, R. et. al. 2015. The effect of urbanization, affluence and trade openness on energy consumption: A time series analysis in Malaysia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 47: 683 - 693. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.03.044 Go to original source...
    39. SOHAG, K., AL MAMUN, M., UDDIN, G. S. and AHMED, A. M. 2017. Sectoral output, energy use, and CO2 emission in middle-income countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(10): 9754 - 9764. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8599-z Go to original source...
    40. STATE STATISTICAL COMITEE OF AZERBAIJAN. 2002 - 2017. Transport in Azerbaijan. [Online]. Available at: http://www.stat.gov.az/source/transport/ [Accessed: 2016, March 18].
    41. STATE STATISTICAL COMITEE OF AZERBAIJAN. 2002 - 2017. Enviromental Protection. [Online]. Available at: http://www.stat.gov.az/source/environment/ [Accessed: 2016, March 10].
    42. WANG, Q. 2014. Effects of urbanization on energy consumption in China. Energy Policy, 65: 332 - 339. DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2013.10.005 Go to original source...
    43. WANG, Y., CHEN, L. and KUBOTA, J. 2016. The relationship between urbanization, energy use and carbon emissions: evidence from a panel of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 112: 1368 - 1374. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.06.041 Go to original source...
    44. WORLD BANK. 2015. Countries and Economies. The World Bank Data. World Bank.
    45. THE MINISTRY OF ECOLOGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES OF THE REPUBLIC OF AZERBAIJAN. 2005 - 2015. Azerbaijan Republic Law on the protection of the atmospheric air. [Online]. Available at: http://eco.gov.az/az/167-atmosfer-havasinin-muhafizesi-haqqinda-azerbaycan-respublikasinin-qanunu [Accessed: 2015, October 19].
    46. UNITED NATIONS. 2016. Goal 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts. Sustainable Development Goals. [Online]. Available at: http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/climate-change-2/ [Accessed: 2016, March 28].
    47. UNITED NATIONS. 2016. Let's Change Our World: 2030. Sustainable Development Agency. [Online]. Available at: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld [Accessed: 2016, March 27].
    48. UNITED NATIONS. 2016. Partners for Action on the Electro-Mobility. [Online]. Available at: http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2015/12/un-joins-france-and-private-sector-partners-for-action-on-electro-mobility/ [Accessed: 2016, March 20].

    This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY NC ND 4.0), which permits non-comercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


    Return to the content